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![Page 1: Chapter 20 Psychiatric Emergencies 1. Introduction EMTs often deal with patients undergoing _______________________ or behavioral crisis. Crisis might.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e195503460f94b0593b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 20 Psychiatric Emergencies
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Introduction
EMTs often deal with patients undergoing _______________________ or behavioral crisis.
Crisis might be the result of:
– Emergency situation
– _______________________ illness
– Mind-altering substances
– _______________________ 2
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Myth and Reality
_______________________ has some symptoms of mental illness at some point in life.
– Does not mean that everyone develops mental illness
Only a small percentage of mental health patients are violent.
Perfectly healthy people may have _______________________ occasionally.
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Defining Behavioral Crisis (1 of 3)
Behavior:What you can see of a person’s response to the
environment and his or her actions
Behavioral crisis:Any reaction to events that
_______________________ with activities of daily living or that becomes unacceptable to the patient, family, or others
A _______________________ , not an isolated incident
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Defining a Behavioral Crisis (2 of 3)
Usually, if an abnormal pattern of behavior lasts for at least a _______________________ , it is a matter of concern.
Chronic depression is a persistent feeling of sadness and despair.
May be a symptom of a mental or _______________________ disorder
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Defining a Behavioral Crisis (3 of 3)
When a psychiatric emergency arises, the patient:
– May show agitation or _______________________
– May become a threat to _______________________ or others
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Pathology (1 of 4)
An EMT is not responsible for diagnosing the underlying cause of a behavioral crisis or psychiatric emergency.
You should know the two basic categories of diagnosis a physician will use:
– Organic
– Functional
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Organic Brain Syndrome (1 of 2)
A temporary or permanent dysfunction of the brain caused by a disturbance in the physical or physiologic functioning of the _______________________ tissue.
Causes include _______________________ illness, head trauma, seizures, intoxication, and diseases of the brain
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Organic Brain Syndrome (2 of 2)
Altered mental status can arise from:Low level of blood
_______________________ Lack of oxygenInadequate blood flow to brainExcessive heat or
_______________________
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Functional Disorders
Abnormal operation of an organ that cannot be traced to an obvious change in the organ itself
Examples include _______________________ , anxiety conditions, and depression.
There may be a _______________________ or physical cause, but it is not well understood.
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Safety Guidelines
Be prepared to spend extra _______________________ .
Have a plan of action.Identify yourself.Be
_______________________ .
Be direct.Assess the
_______________________ .
Stay with patient.
Encourage purposeful movement.
Express interest.Do not get too
_______________________ .Avoid fighting.Be honest and reassuring.Do not
_______________________ .
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Scene Size-Up
Scene safety
Is the situation unduly _______________________ to you and your partner?
Do you need immediate law enforcement backup?
Does the patient’s behavior seem typical or normal for the circumstances?
Are there _______________________ issues involved?
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Primary Assessment
ABCsAvoid _______________________ the
patient without permissionBe prepared for
_______________________ in patient’s behavior
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History Taking
Consider three major areas:Is the patient’s _______________________
functioning properly?Are hallucinogens, other drugs, or alcohol a
factor?Are psychogenic circumstances, symptoms,
or an illness involved?
_______________________ history
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Secondary Assessment
Physical Exam:A _______________________ patient may
not respond at all to your questions.
Obtain vital signs when doing so will not _______________________ the patient’s emotional distress.
Make every effort to assess blood pressure, pulse, respirations, skin, and pupils
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Reassessment
Never let your guard down.– Many patients will act spontaneously.
If _______________________ are necessary, reassess and document every 5 minutes:– Respirations– Pulse and motor and sensory function in all
restrained extremitiesTry to give the receiving hospital
_______________________ warning of the psychiatric emergency
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Acute Psychosis
_______________________ is a state of delusion in which the person is out of touch with reality.
Causes include:
– Mind-altering substances
– Intense _______________________
– Delusional disorders
– Schizophrenia17
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Schizophrenia (1 of 2)
A complex disorder that is not easily defined or treated.
Typical onset occurs during _______________________ .
Influences thought to contribute include:– _______________________ damage– Genetics– Psychological and social influences
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Schizophrenia (2 of 2)
Persons with schizophrenia experience symptoms including:
– Delusions
– _______________________
– A lack of interest in pleasure
– Erratic _______________________
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Guidelines for Dealing With a Psychotic Patient
Determine if the situation is _______________________ .
Identify yourself clearly.Be calm, direct, and straightforward.Maintain an emotional distance.Do not _______________________ .Explain what you would like to do.Involve people the patient _______________________ ,
such as family or friends, to gain patient cooperation.
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Suicide
_______________________ is the single most significant factor that contributes to suicide.
An attempted suicide is a cry for help.Immediate intervention is necessary.Suicidal patients will usually exhibit
_______________________ signs.
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Critical Warning Signs of Suicide
Does the patient have an air of _______________________ , sadness, deep despair, or hopelessness?
Does the patient avoid eye contact, speak slowly, or project a sense of vacancy?
Does the patient seem unable to talk about the future?
Is there any suggestion of suicide?Does the patient have any specific
_______________________ relating to death?22
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Additional Risk Factors for Suicide
Are there any _______________________ objects in the patient’s hands or nearby?
Is the environment unsafe?
Is there evidence of self-destructive behavior?
Keep in mind the suicidal patient may be _______________________ as well.
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Handling Suicidal Patients (1 of 2)
Assure scene safety.Establish personal interaction with the pt.
– Visual, _______________________ – Obtain patient’s name
Do not leave patient _______________________ .
Be _______________________ Be non-threatening, non-judgemental
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Handling Suicidal Patients (2 of 2)
Assess and care for physical problems._______________________ off if necessary.Do not kidnap patient, call PD.Never _______________________ about
patient’s condition.Talk and listen to pt.Stay calm, don’t _______________________ .
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Agitated Delirium
_______________________ is a condition of impairment in cognitive function that can present with disorientation, hallucinations, or delusions.
Agitation is characterized by _______________________ and irregular physical activity.
– Patients may strike out irrationally.
– Your personal safety must be considered.26
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S/S of Agitated Delirium (1 of 2)
Hyperactive irrational behavior
Inattentiveness
Vivid _______________________
Hypertension
Tachycardia
_______________________
Dilated pupils27
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S/S of Agitated Delirium (2 of 2)
Be calm, supportive, and empathetic.
Approach the patient _______________________ and purposefully and respect the patient’s territory.
Limit _______________________ contact.
Do not leave the patient unattended.
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Dealing With Agitated Delirium (1 of 2)
Try to indirectly determine the patient’s:– _______________________ – Memory– Concentration– _______________________
Pay attention to the patient’s ability to communicate, appearance, dress, and personal hygiene.
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Dealing With Delirium (2 of 2)
If you determine the patient requires _______________________ , make sure you have adequate personnel available to help you.
If the patient has overdosed, take all medication bottles or illegal substances to the medical facility.
– Refrain from using lights and _______________________ .
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Geriatric Needs
Depression is a common mental status problem.
_______________________ is a progressive change in mental status.
Underlying conditions may cause altered behavior.
A smile and a _______________________ can go a long way in alleviating fear, especially with the elderly.
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Medicolegal Considerations
Mental _______________________ may take many forms.
Once a patient has been determined to have an impaired mental capacity, you must decide if _______________________ is needed.
Do not leave the patient alone.
Obtain help from law enforcement as necessary.
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Consent
When a patient is not mentally competent, the law assumes that there is _______________________ consent.
The matter is not always clear-cut with psychiatric emergencies
If you are not _______________________ about the situation, request law enforcement assistance.
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Limited Legal Authority
As an EMT-B, you have limited legal authority to require or force a patient to undergo care.
Police may put a patient in _______________________ custody to allow you to provide care.
Know your local laws and protocols.
In Texas, a peace officer may sign a protective custody form and have a patient committed for __________ to ___________ hours.
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In psychiatric cases, a court of law would probably consider your actions in providing
lifesaving care to be _______________________ .
Err on the side of _______________________ and transport.
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Restraints (1 of 2)
You cannot restrain a patient unless it is an _______________________ .
You may use restraints only:
– To protect yourself or others from bodily harm
– To prevent the patient from causing _______________________ to himself or herself
Transport a disturbed patient without restraints if possible.
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Restraints (2 of 2)
If you must restrain the patient, use only _______________________ force.– Law enforcement personnel should be
involved.At least _______________________ people
should be present to carry out the restraint, each being responsible for one extremity
Make sure restraints do not restrict distal circulation
Do not _______________________ until arrival at ER
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Use Soft Restraints
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Monitor Distal Circulation
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Potentially Violent Patients
Use a list of risk factors to assess the level of danger:
Past history
_______________________
Scene
Vocal activity
_______________________ activity
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Other Factors to Consider for Potential Violence
Poor _______________________ controlHistory of uncontrollable temperLow socioeconomic statusSubstance abuse_______________________ Functional disorders
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Handling Psychiatric Emergencies
Treat only life threatening emergencies.Do not _______________________ restraints once
applied.Stay calm.Attempt to _______________________ patient.Do not turn your back on patient.Listen to patient.Maintain non-threatening posture.Maintain a means of _______________________ .
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