Chapter 20 Northern Chapter 20 Northern Eurasia Eurasia

1500–1800 1500–1800

Japanese Reunification Japanese Reunification Civil War and the Invasion of Korea Civil War and the Invasion of Korea

and Manchuria, 1500–1603 and Manchuria, 1500–1603 In the twelfth century, with imperial unity In the twelfth century, with imperial unity dissolved, Japan came under the control of a dissolved, Japan came under the control of a number of regional warlords called number of regional warlords called daimyodaimyo

Each Each daimyodaimyo had their own castle town, a small had their own castle town, a small bureaucracy, and an army of warriors, the bureaucracy, and an army of warriors, the samuraisamurai

A long civil war would bring the separate A long civil war would bring the separate Japanese islands under the control of different Japanese islands under the control of different warlordswarlords

Warfare among the daimyo was common, Warfare among the daimyo was common, and in 1592 the most powerful of these and in 1592 the most powerful of these warlords, Hideyoshi, chose to lead an warlords, Hideyoshi, chose to lead an invasion of Korea invasion of Korea

After Hideyoshi's death in 1598, the After Hideyoshi's death in 1598, the Japanese withdrew their forces and, in Japanese withdrew their forces and, in 1606, made peace with Korea 1606, made peace with Korea

The Tokugawa Shogunate, 1603–The Tokugawa Shogunate, 1603–1800 1800

After Hideyoshi’s death, Japanese leaders After Hideyoshi’s death, Japanese leaders brought civil wars to an endbrought civil wars to an end

A more centralized government would be A more centralized government would be establishedestablished

A new shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, brought A new shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, brought all the local lords under the administration all the local lords under the administration of his military government the Tokugawa of his military government the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1600.Shogunate in 1600.

Japan and the Europeans Japan and the Europeans

Jesuits came to Japan in the late 1500s Jesuits came to Japan in the late 1500s

They had limited success in converting the They had limited success in converting the regional lords, however, they did make a regional lords, however, they did make a significant number of converts among the significant number of converts among the farmers of southern and eastern Japan farmers of southern and eastern Japan

A rural rebellion in this area in the 1630s A rural rebellion in this area in the 1630s was blamed on Christians was blamed on Christians

Tokugawa Shogunate responded with Tokugawa Shogunate responded with persecutions, a ban on Christianity, and, in persecutions, a ban on Christianity, and, in 1649, the closing of the country 1649, the closing of the country

The closed country policy was intended to The closed country policy was intended to prevent the spread of foreign influence, but not prevent the spread of foreign influence, but not to exclude knowledge of foreign cultures to exclude knowledge of foreign cultures

A small number of European traders, mainly A small number of European traders, mainly Dutch, were allowed to reside on a small island Dutch, were allowed to reside on a small island near Nagasaki near Nagasaki

Japanese who were interested in the European Japanese who were interested in the European knowledge that could be gained from European knowledge that could be gained from European books developed a field known as “Dutch books developed a field known as “Dutch studies.”studies.”

The Late Ming and Early Qing The Late Ming and Early Qing Empires, The Later Ming Empire, to Empires, The Later Ming Empire, to

1644 1644 Some of the problems of the late Ming may be Some of the problems of the late Ming may be attributed to a drop in annual temperatures attributed to a drop in annual temperatures between 1645 and 1700 between 1645 and 1700 This may have contributed to the agricultural This may have contributed to the agricultural distress, migration, disease, and uprisings of this distress, migration, disease, and uprisings of this period period Climate change may also have driven the Climate change may also have driven the Mongols and the Manchus to protect their Mongols and the Manchus to protect their productive lands from Ming control and to take productive lands from Ming control and to take more land along the Ming borders.more land along the Ming borders.

The flow of New World silver into China in The flow of New World silver into China in the 1500s and early 1600s caused the 1500s and early 1600s caused inflation in prices and taxes that hit the inflation in prices and taxes that hit the rural population particularly hard.rural population particularly hard.

In addition to these global causes of Ming In addition to these global causes of Ming decline, there were also internal factors decline, there were also internal factors particular to China. particular to China.

These included disorder and inefficiency in These included disorder and inefficiency in the urban industrial sector (such as the the urban industrial sector (such as the Jingdezhen ceramics factories), no growth Jingdezhen ceramics factories), no growth in agricultural productivity, and low in agricultural productivity, and low population growth population growth

Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing Qing

The Ming also suffered from increased The Ming also suffered from increased threats on their borders: threats on their borders: To the north and west, there was the To the north and west, there was the threat posed by a newly reunified Mongol threat posed by a newly reunified Mongol confederation,confederation,In Korea the Ming incurred heavy financial In Korea the Ming incurred heavy financial losses when it helped the Koreans to losses when it helped the Koreans to defeat a Japanese invasion. defeat a Japanese invasion. Rebellions of native peoples rocked the Rebellions of native peoples rocked the southwest, and Japanese pirates plagued southwest, and Japanese pirates plagued the southeast coast the southeast coast

Rebel forces led by Li Zicheng overthrew the Rebel forces led by Li Zicheng overthrew the Ming in 1644, and the Manchu Qing Empire then Ming in 1644, and the Manchu Qing Empire then entered Beijing, restored order, and claimed entered Beijing, restored order, and claimed China for its own. China for its own.

A Manchu imperial family ruled the Qing Empire A Manchu imperial family ruled the Qing Empire

However, the Manchus were only a small However, the Manchus were only a small proportion of the population, and thus depended proportion of the population, and thus depended on diverse people for assistance in ruling the on diverse people for assistance in ruling the empire.empire.

Chinese made up the overwhelming majority of Chinese made up the overwhelming majority of the people and the officials of the Qing Empire the people and the officials of the Qing Empire

Trading Companies and Trading Companies and Missionaries Missionaries

Europeans were eager to trade with ChinaEuropeans were eager to trade with ChinaEnthusiasm for international trade Enthusiasm for international trade developed slowly in China, particularly in developed slowly in China, particularly in the imperial court the imperial court Over the course of the sixteenth century, Over the course of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch gained limited access to Chinese trade gained limited access to Chinese trade By the seventeenth century, the Dutch By the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company had become the East India Company had become the major European trader in the Indian Ocean major European trader in the Indian Ocean

Catholic missionaries accompanied Catholic missionaries accompanied Portuguese and Spanish traders, and the Portuguese and Spanish traders, and the Jesuits had notable success converting Jesuits had notable success converting Chinese elites. Chinese elites.

The Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) used The Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) used his mastery of Chinese language and his mastery of Chinese language and culture to gain access to the imperial court culture to gain access to the imperial court

Emperor Kangxi (r. 1662–1722) Emperor Kangxi (r. 1662–1722)

Kangxi (r. 1662–1722) took formal control Kangxi (r. 1662–1722) took formal control over his government in 1669 (at the age of over his government in 1669 (at the age of sixteen) by executing his chief regent sixteen) by executing his chief regent

Kangxi was an intellectual prodigy and a Kangxi was an intellectual prodigy and a successful military commander who successful military commander who expanded his territory and gave it a high expanded his territory and gave it a high degree of stability.degree of stability.

During the Kangxi period the Qing were During the Kangxi period the Qing were willing to incorporate ideas and technology willing to incorporate ideas and technology from Mongolian, Tibetan, Korean, and from Mongolian, Tibetan, Korean, and Chinese sources. Chinese sources. The Qing also adapted European The Qing also adapted European knowledge and technology—mapmaking, knowledge and technology—mapmaking, astronomy, and anatomical and astronomy, and anatomical and pharmaceutical knowledge—taught by the pharmaceutical knowledge—taught by the Jesuits who frequented Kangxi’s court Jesuits who frequented Kangxi’s court

The Jesuits were also affected by their The Jesuits were also affected by their contact with China. contact with China. They revised their religious teaching in They revised their religious teaching in order to allow Chinese converts to practice order to allow Chinese converts to practice Confucian ancestor worship Confucian ancestor worship They transmitted to Europe Chinese They transmitted to Europe Chinese technology including an early form of technology including an early form of inoculation against smallpox and the inoculation against smallpox and the management techniques of the huge management techniques of the huge imperial porcelain factories imperial porcelain factories

Chinese Influences on Europe Chinese Influences on Europe

The exchange of ideas and information between The exchange of ideas and information between the Qing and the Jesuits flowed in both the Qing and the Jesuits flowed in both directions directions The wealth and power of the Qing led to a The wealth and power of the Qing led to a tremendous enthusiasm in Europe for Chinese tremendous enthusiasm in Europe for Chinese things such as silk, tea, porcelain, other things such as silk, tea, porcelain, other decorative items, and wallpaper. decorative items, and wallpaper. Jesuit descriptions of China also led Europeans Jesuit descriptions of China also led Europeans such as Voltaire to see the Qing emperors as such as Voltaire to see the Qing emperors as benevolent despots or philosopher-kings from benevolent despots or philosopher-kings from whom the Europeans could learn whom the Europeans could learn

The Russian Empire The Russian Empire

In the 1650s the expanding Russian In the 1650s the expanding Russian Empire met the expanding Qing Empire in Empire met the expanding Qing Empire in Mongolia, Central Asia, and along the Mongolia, Central Asia, and along the Amur. Amur. Treaties between the two powers in 1689 Treaties between the two powers in 1689 and 1727 had the effect of weakening the and 1727 had the effect of weakening the Mongols and of focusing Russian Mongols and of focusing Russian expansion eastward toward the Pacific expansion eastward toward the Pacific coast and across to North America coast and across to North America

Russian Society and Politics to Russian Society and Politics to 1725 1725

As the empire expanded it incorporated a As the empire expanded it incorporated a diverse set of peoples, cultures, and diverse set of peoples, cultures, and religions. This often produced internal religions. This often produced internal tensions tensions

The Cossacks belonged to close-knit The Cossacks belonged to close-knit bands and made temporary alliances with bands and made temporary alliances with whoever could pay for their military whoever could pay for their military services services

Despite the fact that the Cossacks often Despite the fact that the Cossacks often performed important services for the performed important services for the Russian Empire, they managed to Russian Empire, they managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy maintain a high degree of autonomy

Threats and invasions by Sweden and Poland Threats and invasions by Sweden and Poland and internal disputes among the Russian and internal disputes among the Russian aristocracy (aristocracy (boyarsboyars) in the seventeenth century ) in the seventeenth century led to the overthrow of the old line of Muscovite led to the overthrow of the old line of Muscovite rulers and the enthronement of Mikhail Romanov rulers and the enthronement of Mikhail Romanov in 1613.in 1613.

The Romanov rulers combined consolidation of The Romanov rulers combined consolidation of their authority with territorial expansion to the their authority with territorial expansion to the east east

As the power of the Romanov rose, the As the power of the Romanov rose, the freedom of Russian peasants fell freedom of Russian peasants fell

In 1649 Russian peasants were legally In 1649 Russian peasants were legally transformed into serfs transformed into serfs

Peter the Great ( 1689–1725) Peter the Great ( 1689–1725)

Peter the Great fought the Ottomans in an Peter the Great fought the Ottomans in an attempt to gain a warm-water port on the Black attempt to gain a warm-water port on the Black Sea and to liberate Constantinople (Istanbul) Sea and to liberate Constantinople (Istanbul) from Muslim rule, but did not achieve either goal.from Muslim rule, but did not achieve either goal.

Peter was more successful in the Great Peter was more successful in the Great Northern War, in which he broke Swedish Northern War, in which he broke Swedish control over the Baltic and established direct control over the Baltic and established direct contacts between Russia and Europe.contacts between Russia and Europe.

Following his victory in the Great Northern War, Following his victory in the Great Northern War, Peter built a new capital, St. Petersburg Peter built a new capital, St. Petersburg

This was to contribute the Westernization of the This was to contribute the Westernization of the Russian elites and demonstrate to Europeans Russian elites and demonstrate to Europeans the sophistication of Russia. the sophistication of Russia.

The new capital was also intended to help break The new capital was also intended to help break the power of the boyars by reducing their the power of the boyars by reducing their traditional roles in the government and in the traditional roles in the government and in the army army

Peter wanted to use European technology and Peter wanted to use European technology and culture in order to strengthen Russia and to culture in order to strengthen Russia and to strengthen the autocratic power of his strengthen the autocratic power of his government; government; He was not interested in political liberalization. He was not interested in political liberalization. As an autocratic ruler, Peter brought the Russian As an autocratic ruler, Peter brought the Russian Orthodox Church under his control, built Orthodox Church under his control, built industrial plants to serve the military industrial plants to serve the military He also increased the burdens of taxes and He also increased the burdens of taxes and labor on the serfs, whom the Russian Empire labor on the serfs, whom the Russian Empire depended upon for the production of basic food depended upon for the production of basic food staples of Russiastaples of Russia

Consolidation of the Empire Consolidation of the Empire

Russian expansion in Alaska and the Russian expansion in Alaska and the American northwest was driven by the American northwest was driven by the search for furs, which British and search for furs, which British and American entrepreneurs had also been American entrepreneurs had also been interested in. interested in. Control of the natural resources of Siberia Control of the natural resources of Siberia put the Russians in a position to dominate put the Russians in a position to dominate the fur and shipping industries of the North the fur and shipping industries of the North Pacific. Pacific.

During the reign of Catherine the Great (r. During the reign of Catherine the Great (r. 1762–1796), Russia was the world’s 1762–1796), Russia was the world’s largest land empire, built on an economic largest land empire, built on an economic basis of large territory, agriculture, logging, basis of large territory, agriculture, logging, fishing, and furs. fishing, and furs.

Comparative Perspectives Comparative Perspectives

Political Comparisons Political Comparisons

Between 1500 and 1800, China and Between 1500 and 1800, China and Russia grew dramatically, both in territory Russia grew dramatically, both in territory controlled and population.controlled and population.

In comparison to Russia and China, the In comparison to Russia and China, the seaborne trading empires of the seaborne trading empires of the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English had less territory, tighter administrations, had less territory, tighter administrations, and much more global sweep.and much more global sweep.

Despite being headed by an emperor, Despite being headed by an emperor, Japan's size, homogeneity, and failure to Japan's size, homogeneity, and failure to add colonies disqualify it from being called add colonies disqualify it from being called a true empire.a true empire.Japan and Russia made greater progress Japan and Russia made greater progress in improving their military than did the in improving their military than did the Chinese.Chinese.Of Japan, Russia, and China, Russia did Of Japan, Russia, and China, Russia did the most to build up its imperial navy. the most to build up its imperial navy.

Cultural, Social, and Economic Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons Comparisons

As they expanded, both China and Russia As they expanded, both China and Russia pursued policies that tolerated diversity, while pursued policies that tolerated diversity, while promoting cultural assimilation. promoting cultural assimilation. While both Russian and Chinese leaders were While both Russian and Chinese leaders were willing to use foreign ideas and technologies, willing to use foreign ideas and technologies, they tended to see their own culture as superior.they tended to see their own culture as superior.Both China and Russia had hierarchical and Both China and Russia had hierarchical and oppressive social systems.oppressive social systems.Merchants occupied a precarious position in Merchants occupied a precarious position in both China and Japan. both China and Japan.