Kingdom Fungi. The Characteristics of Fungi Body form *unicellular *Multi-cellular.
Chapter 20- Fungi Fungi-General Characteristics Typical...
Transcript of Chapter 20- Fungi Fungi-General Characteristics Typical...
Chapter 20- Fungi
Fungi-General Characteristics
Fungal cells possess:
Unlike plants and algae, fungi lack:
Fungal cells have protective cell walls
Most fungi are composed of hyphae.
Lengths of hyphae may also form rhizomorphs.
Fungal reproductive structures visible with unaided eye
-nuclei
-mitochondria
-endomembrane system
-cytoskeleton system
Typical features of an eukaryotic cell
-plastids
-the ability to conduct photosynthesis
prokaryotes – peptidoglycan
algae – cellulose
fungi- chitin, a nitrogen-rich polysaccharide
Most fungi are terrestrial, but some occupy aquatic environments.
Hyphae – microscopic threadlike branched filaments that
provide a large surface area for obtaining
nutrients.
Mycelium – A mass of interconnected hyphae.
Rhizomorphs transfer water to portions of the fungal
bodies in low moisture environments.
Other types of fungi occur in single cells:
Fungal nutrition
The act of feeding pushes a hypha into a food mass and drives food
through the mycelium
The change in solute concentration causes water to enter the hypha.
The hypha secretes enzymes that break down large molecules.
Other types of fungi occur unorganized fruiting bodies:
http://microbeonline.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/10/LPCB-Mount-and-Aspergillus.jpg
Small solute molecules enter the hypha.
The added volume of water creates pressure that
expands the tip of the hyphae and pushes it forward.
Kingdom Fungi
DNA and other evidence indicate modern fungi arose
from a single common ancestor.
Fungi are classified into 5 phyla
1)Chytridiomycota
2) Zygomycota
3) Glomeromycota
4) Ascomycota
5) Basidiomycota
Fungi-General Characteristics
Kingdom Fungi- Sexual life cycle with a dikaryotic stage
Plasmogamy is the fusion of the cytoplasm, but not fusion of the nuclei.
Karyogamy is the fusion of the nuclei.
Chytridiomycota
-Only fungi that produce flagellate cells
http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch31/Chytrids.html http://bama.ua.edu/~chytrid/
http://bama.ua.edu/~chytrid/
Above: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the chytrid fungus
responsible for many amphibian declines. Photograph by Erica
Bree Rosenblum, University of California at Berkeley. Below:
Hypsiboas polytaenius from Brazil, one of the many amphibian
species infected by Bd. Photograph by David Rodriguez, Cornell
University. Credit: Erica Bree Rosenblum
http://phys.org/news/2013-05-sequencing-reveals-complex-history-amphibian-killing.html
Top picture: A Chytrid infection shows
in the pink underbelly of this green tree
frog. Bottom picture: This great barred
frog has a severe Chytrid infection,
seen in its lethargic pose and peeling
skin.
http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/np
ws.nsf/Content/Frog+Chytrid+fungus
Since frogs use their skin in
respiration, this makes it difficult for
the frog to breathe.
The fungus also damages the
nervous system, affecting the frog's
behavior
Chytridiomycota
http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/BSC1011/BSC1011_6/img004.gif
Zygomycota
Ex: Rhizopus (black bread mold)
http://www4.uwsp.edu/biology/courses/botlab/lab17a.htm Ex: Pilobolus
Asexual life cycle
Passively drifting meiospores that
settle on food and grow into large
aseptate mycelium.
Sporangiophores grow into the air, and
swell at the tip to form mitosporangia.
Sexual life cycle
Compatible Rhizopus mycelia ( + and –
mating types) meet, and grow special
hyphae that meet at the tips.
Cross walls form behind the tips and
wall off 2 cells (gametangia).
Nuclear fusion occurs to produce a 2n
zygote and develops into a thick-walled
zygospore.
Zygospore undergoes meiosis and hypha (n)
grow out of the zygospore.
Chytridiomycota
Glomeromycota
Many fungi that partner with green plants in symbiotic
associations known as mycorrhizae.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or AM fungi
Some of the oldest plant fossils contain mycorrhizal fungi.
Over 80% of wild plants are estimated to have such fungal partners.
http://mycorrhizas.info/vam.html
A group of fungi not known to grow separately from plant roots.
Botanists have postulated that plants and Glomeromycota
moved from water to land as partners.
Ascomycota- sac fungi
Sexual reproduction
Plasmogamy of specialized cells of 2 genetically distinct parents.
Dikaryotic hyphae (n + n) contain nuclei from each parent and form the fertile portion of the fruiting body.
In the surface cells of the fruiting body, the 2 nuclei fuse (karyogamy) to form a diploid zygote.
The zygote undergoes meiosis and forms 8 haploid spores (ascospores).
Ascomycota- types of ascocarps
apothecia perithecia cleistothecia
(perithecium)
Claviceps purpurea
ergot
Blumeria (Erysiphe) graminis
powdery mildew
"Barleypowderymildew". Licensed under
CC BY 3.0 us via Wikimedia Commons -
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barl
eypowderymildew.jpg#/media/File:Barleyp
owderymildew.jpg
© Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited/Corbis
Cleistothecia on leaf tissue
Conidia on leaf tissue
George
Barron
https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handl
e/10214/5710
Morels (Morchella),
grow in woodlands
and are often
associated with trees
such as oaks.
http://img1.nymag.com/content/dam/slideshows/2
012/11/truffle-hunting/pig-truffle-hunting.jpg
Truffles (Tuber)
Ascomycota- sac fungi
http://microbeonline.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/10/LPCB-Mount-and-Aspergillus.jpg yeast
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Pseudogymnoascus
destructans
http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/
56289000/jpg/_56289201_56288947.jpg
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-23599983
Bat with white-nose syndrome
Basidiomycota- club fungi
The name club fungi is derived from the fact that spores are produced at the ends of club-like structures (basidia).
Basidiomycota- club fungi
http://fsi.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/mushrooms.png
Basidiomycota- club fungi
Lichens are partnerships between fungi and photosynthetic microbes.
http://justinsomnia.org/images/corn-smut-aka-huitlacoche-big.jpg Corn smut (Ustilago)
-Lichen bodies are masses of fungal hyphae with layers of autotrophic (photosynthetic) green algae or cyanobacteria
-The algae provide the lichen fungi (mycobiont) with organic food and oxygen.
-The fungi provide the autotroph (photobiont) with carbon dioxide from respiration, water, minerals, and protection.
Lichens body types
Study questions for Chapter 20-Fungi and Lichens
What does mycota mean?
List 3 characteristics of fungi.
Define hyphae.
Define mycelium.
Define fruiting body.
Define rhizomorph.
Label the different fungal bodies below using the terms below:
-single cells
-organized fruiting bodies
-unorganized fruiting bodies
Using the image provided, explain how fungal hyphae get nutrition.
Name the 5 fungal phyla.
Which phyla are included in the coenomycetes (lower fungi)?
Which phyla are included in the dikaryomycetes (higher fungi)?
What are the characteristics that distinguish the higher fungi from the lower fungi?
yeast
Penicillium
corn smut
chytrid (arrows)
Aspergillus
morel
bracket fungi
Study questions for Chapter 20-Fungi and Lichens
Define dikaryotic life cycle.
Define plasmogamy.
Define karyogamy.
Chytridiomycota
Define chytrid.
What chytrid is responsible for the decline of amphibian species worldwide?
What are some symptoms of the chytrid infection?
Zygomycota
Define thick-walled zygospore.
What is the genus of black bread mold?
Name the life cycle in black bread mold.
Glomeromycota
Define arbuscle.
What does AM fungi stand for?
What is an endomycorrhizae?
Why are the Glomeromycota important in the evolution of early plants from water to land?
Ascomycota
Define asci.
Define ascocarp.
What the 3 types of ascocarps in the Ascomycota? Give an example for each.
What fungal disease is wiping out several species of bats in North America?
Basidiomycota
Define basidium (basidia).
Define basidiospores.
Give examples of fungi in the Basidiomycota.
Define lichen.
Define mycobiont.
Define phycobiont.
Draw and label the 3 lichen body types.
Study questions for Chapter 20-Fungi and Lichens Three characteristics for each fungal phylum.
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Chytridiomycota Zygomycota
Basidiomycota