Chapter 20 Foundations of Physics. Electricity and Magnetism 20 Series and Parallel Circuits 20...
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Transcript of Chapter 20 Foundations of Physics. Electricity and Magnetism 20 Series and Parallel Circuits 20...
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Chapter 20
Foundations of Physics
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Electricity and Magnetism
20 Series and Parallel Circuits
20 Analysis of Circuits
20 Electric Power, AC, and DC Electricity
Electric Circuits and Power
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Objectives1. Recognize and sketch examples of series
and parallel circuits.
2. Describe a short circuit and why a short circuit may be a dangerous hazard.
3. Calculate the current in a series or parallel circuit containing up to three resistances.
4. Calculate the total resistance of a circuit by combining series or parallel resistances.
5. Describe the differences between AC and DC electricity.
6. Calculate the power used in an AC or DC circuit from the current and voltage.
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Vocabulary Terms
series circuit parallel circuit short circuit network circuit circuit analysis power Kirchhoff’s voltage
law voltage drop direct current (DC)
alternating current (AC)
kilowatt Kirchhoff’s current
law horsepower power factor circuit breaker watt kilowatt-hour
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Test questions1. What are the circuit symbols for a
a. Battery f. Fixed resistor
b. Light bulb g. Capacitor
c. Motor h. Buzzer
d. Switch i. Ammeter
e. Variable resistor
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Test Questions2. Define a series circuit
3. Show the formula depicting five resistors in a series circuit
4. Describe Ohm’s Law
5. Draw and Calculate the total resistance in a series circuit containing two 1.5 ohm light bulbs, a battery, a 1 ohm buzzer, a switch, and a 5 ohm motor
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Series and Parallel Circuits
Key Question:
How do series and parallel circuits work?
*
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Series and Parallel Circuits In series circuits, current can only take one
path. The amount of current is the same at all points
in a series circuit.
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Adding resistances in series
Each resistance in a series circuit adds to the total resistance of the circuit.
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3...Total
resistance(ohms)
Individual resistances
()
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Total resistance in a series circuit Light bulbs, resistors, motors, and heaters
usually have much greater resistance than wires and batteries.
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Calculate current
How much current flows in a circuit with a 1.5-volt battery and three 1 ohm resistances (bulbs) in series?
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Practice6. Draw a series circuit containing 3 light
bulbs and a switch.
7. If each light bulb has a resistance of 1.5 ohms what is the current in the circuit run by a 3.0V battery?
8. What happens to the total resistance as the current passes through each light?
9. What do you predict will happen to the brightness of the bulbs as each additional bulb is added to the circuit?
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Voltage in a series circuit Each separate resistance
creates a voltage drop as the current passes through.
As current flows along a series circuit, each type of resistor transforms some of the electrical energy into another form of energy
Ohm’s law is used to calculate the voltage drop across each resistor.
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10.If three 1.5 ohm light bulbs are wired in series what necessary voltage would be required to push .5amps of current through the circuit?
11.Define parallel circuit
12.Describe the current and voltage in a parallel circuit
13.Describe Kirchoff’s current law
14.How is current calculated in a parallel circuit
15.What determines the current in each branch?
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Series and Parallel Circuits In parallel circuits the current can take more
than one path. Because there are multiple branches, the current
is not the same at all points in a parallel circuit.
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Series and Parallel Circuits Sometimes these paths are called branches.
The current through a branch is also called the branch current.
When analyzing a parallel circuit, remember that the current always has to go somewhere.
The total current in the circuit is the sum of the currents in all the branches.
At every branch point the current flowing out must equal the current flowing in.
This rule is known as Kirchhoff’s current law.
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Voltage and current in a parallel circuit
In a parallel circuit the voltage is the same across each branch because each branch has a low resistance path back to the battery.
The amount of current in each branch in a parallel circuit is not necessarily the same.
The resistance in each branch determines the current in that branch.
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16. What are the two advantages of a parallel circuit?
17. Describe a short circuit
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Advantages of parallel circuits
Parallel circuits have two big advantages over series circuits:
1. Each device in the circuit sees the full battery voltage.
2. Each device in the circuit may be turned off independently without stopping the current flowing to other devices in the circuit.
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Short circuit A short circuit is a parallel path in a circuit with
zero or very low resistance. Short circuits can be made accidentally by
connecting a wire between two other wires at different voltages.
Short circuits are dangerous because they can draw huge amounts of current.
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18. Calculate current
Two bulbs with different resistances are connected in parallel to batteries with a total voltage of 3 volts.
Calculate the total current supplied by the battery.
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l19. Describe the resistance in a parallel circuit
20. Write the formula for calculating total resistance in a parallel circuit
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Resistance in parallel circuits
Adding resistance in parallel provides another path for current, and more current flows.
When more current flows for the same voltage, the total resistance of the circuit decreases.
This happens because every new path in a parallel circuit allows more current to flow for the same voltage.
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Adding resistance in parallel circuits
21. A circuit contains a 2 ohm resistor and a 4 ohm resistor in parallel.
Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.
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Analysis of Circuits
Key Question:
How do we analyze network circuits?
*
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22.What are the three primary laws for circuit analysis
23.Define network circuit
24.What are the steps for solving circuit problems
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Analysis of Circuits
All circuits work by manipulating currents and voltages.
The process of circuit analysis means figuring out what the currents and voltages in a circuit are, and also how they are affected by each other.
Three basic laws are the foundation of circuit analysis.
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Three circuit laws
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Voltage divider circuit
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Voltage divider
A circuit divides any supplied voltage by a ratio of the resistors.
Output voltage (volts)
resistor ratio
()
V0 = R1 Vi
R1 + R2
Input voltage (volts)
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Solving circuit problems1. Identify what the problem is asking you to
find. Assign variables to the unknown quantities.
2. Make a large clear diagram of the circuit. Label all of the known resistances, currents, and voltages. Use the variables you defined to label the unknowns.
3. You may need to combine resistances to find the total circuit resistance. Use multiple steps to combine series and parallel resistors.
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Solving circuit problems4. If you know the total resistance and current,
use Ohm’s law as V = IR to calculate voltages or voltage drops. If you know the resistance and voltage, use Ohm’s law as I = V ÷ R to calculate the current.
5. An unknown resistance can be found using Ohm’s law as R = V ÷ I, if you know the current and the voltage drop through the resistor.
6. Use Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws as necessary.
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Solving circuit problems A bulb with a resistance of 1Ω is to
be used in a circuit with a 6-volt battery.
The bulb requires 1 amp of current. If the bulb were connected directly
to the battery, it would draw 6 amps and burn out instantly.
To limit the current, a resistor is added in series with the bulb.
What size resistor is needed to make the current 1 amp?
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Network circuits
In many circuits, resistors are connected both in series and in parallel.
Such a circuit is called a network circuit.
There is no single formula for adding resistors in a network circuit.
For very complex circuits, electrical engineers use computer programs that can rapidly solve equations for the circuit using Kirchhoff’s laws.
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Calculate using network circuits
25. Three bulbs, each with a resistance of 3Ω, are combined in the circuit in the diagram
Three volts are applied to the circuit.
Calculate the current in each of the bulbs.
26.From your calculations, do you think all three bulbs will be equally bright?
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27.Describe Power in reference to electricity
28. How is power calculated?
29. What is the unit for power?
30. Describe a kilowatt
31. Describe horsepower
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Electric Power, AC, and DC Electricity
Key Question:
How much does electricity cost and what do you pay for?
*
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Electric Power, AC, and DC Electricity
The watt (W) is a unit of power.
Power is the rate at which energy moves or is used.
Since energy is measured in joules, power is measured in joules per second.
One joule per second is equal to one watt.
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Reviewing terms
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Power in electric circuits
One watt is a pretty small amount of power.
In everyday use, larger units are more convenient to use.
A kilowatt (kW) is equal to 1,000 watts.
The other common unit of power often seen on electric motors is the horsepower.
One horsepower is 746 watts.
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Power
P = VI Current (amps)
Voltage (volts)
Power (watts)
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32. Calculate power
A light bulb with a resistance of 1.5Ω is connected to a 1.5-volt battery in the circuit shown at right.
Calculate the power used by the light bulb.
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Paying for electricity Electric companies charge for
the number of kilowatt-hours used during a set period of time, often a month.
One kilowatt-hour (kWh) means that a kilowatt of power has been used for one hour.
Since power multiplied by time is energy, a kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy.
One kilowatt-hour is 3.6 x 106 joules.
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33. Calculate power
Your electric company charges 14 cents per kilowatt-hour. Your coffee maker has a power rating of 1,050 watts.
How much does it cost to use the coffee maker one hour per day for a month?
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34. Define direct current
35. Define alternating current
36. What is meant by 60Hz alternating current?
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Alternating and direct current The current from a battery
is always in the same direction.
One end of the battery is positive and the other end is negative.
The direction of current flows from positive to negative.
This is called direct current, or DC.
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Alternating and direct current If voltage alternates, so
does current.
When the voltage is positive, the current in the circuit is clockwise.
When the voltage is negative the current is the opposite direction.
This type of current is called alternating current, or AC.
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Alternating and direct current AC current is used for almost all high-power
applications because it is easier to generate and to transmit over long distances.
The 120 volt AC (VAC) electricity used in homes and businesses alternates between peak values of +170 V and -170 V at a frequency of 60 Hz.
AC electricity is usually identified by the average voltage, (120 VAC) not the peak voltage.
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Power in AC circuits
For a circuit containing a motor, the power calculation is a little different from that for a simple resistance like a light bulb.
Because motors store energy and act like generators, the current and voltage are not in phase with each other.
The current is always a little behind the voltage.
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Power for AC circuits
Electrical engineers use a power factor (pf) to calculate power for AC circuits with motors
P = VI x pf
Avg. current (amps)Avg. voltage (volts)
Power (watts)
power factor0-100%
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Application: Wiring in Homes and Buildings
![Page 62: Chapter 20 Foundations of Physics. Electricity and Magnetism 20 Series and Parallel Circuits 20 Analysis of Circuits 20 Electric Power, AC, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cd85503460f949a04cc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Application: Wiring in Homes and Buildings