5  

CHAPTER 2

THEORITICAL FOUNDATION

In this chapter, the author will discuss about theoritical foundation that will be used

throughout this project. This chapter also describes the terminologies and

implemented research methodology.

2.1. Tourism

Tourism is a business and its activity of providing information,

accomodations, transportation and other services to the tourists [3]. Etimologically,

tour is derived from Latin word ‘Tornare’ and Greek word ‘Tornos’. It means a lathe

of circle or the movement around central point.

Tourism has become global leisure activity for pleasure. Tourism can be

divided into 2 groups which are:domestic and international tourism. Both of them

involve incoming and outgoing movement of people. For domestic tourism, two

cities might be the involved, whereas it takes two parts of country for international

tourism.

Recently, tourism is a vital source of income for many countries and it affects

the economy of them.

Based on the data from Eturbonews.com, In 2014 tourism in Indonesia grows

7.2 percent and it is predicted to contribute Indonesia’s overall economy for 8.1

percent[4]. In addition, tourism continues to be the largest industry in the world and

put crucial influence in the world’s GDP. In 2011, $6 trillion of global GDP came

from tourism. In next 10 years, it is expected to grow into $10 trillion. Tourism also

gives employment to millions of employee around the world.

2.2. Tourism Application

 

 

6  

Tourism application is an application that is built to give convenient and

more pleasure for people who are on their travel. It eases the users in getting the

available services, direction and information about nearby attraction, landmarks,

events and many more.

Nowadays, there are many tourism applications available in the online store

with its own unique characteristics and diverse target market. The applications may

offer an integrated map, check in system, etc. The scope can be various among them,

it can be either a big scale or a small one. The big scope may involve a country or

multiple cities, and the small one only consists of a city or a building.

Tourism application usually is developed for both tablet and smartphones as a

mobile application that is published on AppStore, PlayStore or Window Store. The

current published tourism mobile application are : Foursquare, Wikitravel, agoda,

and TripAdvisor.

2.3. Mobile Device

Mobile Device ,that is also reffered to a handheld computer, is a pint-sized

computing device that allows people to access information and process data in any

places [5]. Mobile device specifications usually below notebook or PC but some of

them may need more powerful specification than the desktop and laptop computer.

The recent mobile devices have not only the operating system but also

connectivity, multimedia, and GPS feature. These features are now the basic

requirements of the mobile devices.

Mobile device itself includes tablet computer (iPad, Galaxy Tab), smartphone

(iPhone and Galaxy S Series), and e-readers (Amazon kindle) [6]. This thesis

specifically uses a tablet from Apple, iPad.

 

 

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2.4. Tablet

Tablet is a mobile device which is operated by using finger touch and has a

bigger dimension than a smartphone. The use of stylus is now a second option and it

is not a must [6]. Roger Fiddler has predicted tablet era since 1994. He forecasted

that in the future people would read the newspaper in the device. The revolutionary

tablet is Qbe (read Cube) that supports voice recognition, camera, modem,

networking and keyboard. Qbe is a very first tablet, which was introduced in 1999.

After the born of Qbe, many companies are fascinated in tablet and start to produce

it.

Figure 2.1 Earlier Tablet Devices

15 years after the first tablet, there are 2 major companies that play in the

tablet as their main income source. They are Apple with the legendary iPad and

Samsung with the Galaxy Tab. Both of them conquer the tablet world. Besides Apple

and Samsung, there are still many companies that distribute tablet with cheaper price.

Thanks to the evolution technology, tablet is now affordable and can be used by all

segments of people.

The technology advancement cannot be stop. It will grow day by day. Experts

predict the tablet will evolve soon into phablet, the combination between tablet and

smartphone.

 

 

8  

2.5. iPad

iPad is a multi-touch tablet marketed by Apple Inc. Until Early 2014, there

are already 7 generations of iPad come into the market. The first iPad launched on

April 3rd, 2010. It does not have rear and front camera. It has 256MB RAM which is

the smallest one in the iPad line. On March 2011, iPad 2 was launched with rear

camera and VGA front camera. Compared to the previous iPad, iPad 2 is lighter than

iPad 1 and has double size RAM. The third iPad was released on March 2012. There

is no big difference between iPad 3 and iPad 2. The next year after iPad 3, Apple

introduced iPad mini, which has the half pixel (1024x768) with the iPad 4. iPad mini

got the fresh design in the iPad line. Instead of iPad 5, Apple crowned a new name to

the fifth ipad. It is iPad Air that is lighter and thinner than iPad 4. The design of iPad

Air is similar with the iPad mini and the design of iPad mini is totally same with the

previous iPad mini.

Below is comparison of iPad specification [7]:

Table 2.1 Comparison of Existing iPad (exclude iPad mini)

iPad iPad 2 iPad 3 iPad 4 iPad Air

iOS iOS 3,2 iOS 4,3 iOS 5,1 iOS 6 iOS 7

Screen

Size

9.7 inch IPS

LED

1024x768

@132 ppi

9.7 inch IPS

LED

1024x768

@132 ppi

9.7 inch IPS

LED

2048x1536

@264 ppi

9.7 inch IPS

LED

2048x1536

@264 ppi

9.7 inch IPS

LED

2048x1536

@264 ppi

System-

on-chip

Apple A4 Apple A5 Apple A5X Apple A6X 64 bit Apple

A7

CPU 800MHz

ARM

Cortex A8

1 GHz dual

core ARM

Cortex A9

1 GHz dual

core ARM

Cortex A9

1.4 GHz

dual core

switch

(ARM v7s)

1.4 GHz 64

bit dual core

Apple A7

Cyclone

(ARM v7s)

GPU PowerVR

SGX535

PowerVR

dual core

SGX543MP

PowerVR

quad core

SGX543MP

PowerVR

quad core

SGX554MP

PowerVR

G6430

 

 

9  

2 3 4

RAM 256MB 512MB 1GB 1GB 1GB

Storage 16/32/64 GB 16/32/64 GB 16/32/64 GB 16/32/64/12

8 GB

16/32/64/12

8 GB

SIM Micro Micro Micro Micro Nano

Top

Data

Speed

HSPA HSPA LTE LTE LTE

Speaker Mono Mono Mono Mono Stereo

Rear

Camera

None 1.3mo/

720 mp

5mp, 1080p 5mp, 1080p 5mp, 1080p

Front

Camera

None 0.3mp/VGA 0.3mp/VGA 1.2mp/

720p

1.2mp/

720p

Bluetoot

h

Bluetooth

2.1 + EDR

Bluetooth

2.1 + EDR

Bluetooth

4.0

Bluetooth

4.0

Bluetooth

4.0

WiFi 802.11

a/b/g/n

802.11

a/b/g/n

802.11

a/b/g/n

802.11

a/b/g/n

802.11

a/b/g/n +

MIMO

GPS aGPS aGPS aGPS,

GLONASS

aGPS,

GLONASS

aGPS,

GLONASS

Sensors Light,

acceleromet

er, compass

Light,

acceleromet

er, compass,

gyroscope

Light,

acceleromet

er, compass,

gyroscope

Light,

acceleromet

er, compass,

gyroscope

Light,

acceleromet

er, compass,

gyroscope

Size 9.56x7.47x

0.53

9.5x 7.31x

0.34

9.5x 7.31x

0.37

9.5x 7.31x

0.37

9.4x 6.6x

0.29

Weight 1.5 lbs 1.33 lbs 1.44 lbs 1.44 lbs 1 lbs

Battery 25 watt hour 25 watt hour 42.5 watt

hour

42.5 watt

hour

32.4 watt

hour

Color Black Black/

White

Black/

White

Black/

White

Space Gray/

Silver

Release

Date

April 3rd,

2010

March 11th,

2011

March 16th,

2012

November

2nd, 2012

November

1st, 2013

 

 

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Below is the comparison of iPad mini specification:

Table 2.2 Comparison of Existing iPad Mini

iPad Mini iPad Mini with Retina

Display

OS iOS 6 iOS 7

Screen Size 7.9 inch IPS LED

1024x768 @163ppi

7.9 inch IPS LED

2048x1536 @326ppi

System-on-chip Apple A5 64-bit Apple A7

CPU 1 GHz dual core ARM

Cortex A9

64-bit dual core Apple A7

Cyclone (ARM v8)

GPU PowerVR dual core

SGX543MP2

PowerVR G6430

RAM 512 MB 1 GB

Storage 16/32/64 GB 16/32/64/128 GB

SIM Nano Nano

Top Data Speed LTE LTE

Speaker Stereo Stereo

Rear Camera 5mp, 1080p 5mp, 1080p

Front Camera 1.2 mp, 720p 1.2 mp, 720p

Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.0

WiFi 802.11 a/b/g/n 802.11 a/b/g/n+MIMO

GPS aGPS, GLONASS aGPS, GLONASS

Sensors Light, accelerometer,

compass, gyroscope

Light, accelerometer,

compass, gyroscope

Size 7.87x5.3x0.28 inches 7.87x5.3x0.28 inches

Weight 0.68 lbs 0.73 lbs

Battery 16.3 watt hour 23.8 watt hour

Color Slate/Silver Space Gray, Silver

Release Date November 2nd, 2011 November 2013

 

 

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2.6. iOS

iOS is the most advanced mobile operating system owned by Apple to create

revolutionary mobile apps for iPad, iPhone, Apple TV, iPod Touch and other similar

devices. In the first launch, iOS was called iPhone OS. After iPad and iPod touch

relesed, iPhone OS has a new name, iOS. iOS is reflected to many Apple devices

[8].

Since 2007, iOS has 7 versions, which every version can run on the selected

or supported Apple devices. Similar to the computer operating system, iOS needs

compatible hardware specification. Here are the journey of iOS :

a. iOS 1.0

This version is only compatible for the iPhone first generation. The features

that are available on this iOS are: Core iOS UI, Multi touch gestures, mobile safari,

iPod, Voicemail, Maps, iTunes Sync, and Hidden file system.

b. iOS 2.0

In this version, Apple released MobileMe and AppStore for installing third

party apps. The minor changes in this version are contact search feature and

Microsoft Exchange Support.

c. iOS 3.0

This is an operating system that is used by iPhone 3GS and 2nd generation of

iPod Touch. Powerful feature that are included in this version are spotlight search,

cut, copy, paste, push notification, Find My iPhone, Video Recording, auto focus.

iOS 3.2 was launched 3rd April 2010 to support iPad resolution.

d. iOS 4.0

This operating system is available only for iPhone and iPod Touch. The

features such as FaceTime, multitasking, and iAd are supported in this feature.

e. iOS 5.0

 

 

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This incredible operating system supports powerful Siri, iMessage, and

iCloud. iCloud is a cloud storage that can be integrated by all Apple devices. Siri is

an intelligent personal assistant from Apple that can do a lot of thing such as setting

the alarm or writing a message on iPhone or iPad. Siri is controlled using a natural

language.

Completed operating system from Apple for its loyal users. This operating

system has Facebook integration, Passbook, and Apple Maps.

iOS 7.0

iOS 7 has different design theme from previous operating systems. This

changes is a big changes for Apple because Apple never changes the design from

iOS 1.0 until iOS 6.0. This design becomes the main attention of this version.

2.7. Objective-C

Objective-C is a object oriented programming language that is used for OSX

and iOS, operating systems owned by Apple. It was firstly developed in early 1980

for NeXT and NeXTSTEP. Objective-C supports C’s syntax, primitive types and

control flow. Here is the sample syntax of Objective-C:

Figure 2.2 Sample Code of Objective C

2.8. Cocoa

Cocoa is a general application environment for Mac OSX and iOS. Cocoa

consists of library, a runtime system and frameworks. Cocoa can be presented in 2

faces:

• Runtime aspect

In runtime aspect, Cocoa displays the user interface and integrated with other

components of operating system.

• Development aspect

 

 

13  

In development aspect, Cocoa is an integrated collection of object oriented

software components that enables programmer to create reusable and adaptable

software building blocks. Therefore, programmer can use as-is or extend them for

specific requirements [10].

Cocoa uses Model-View-Controller design pattern to make an application.

Model encapsulates the application data, View display and edits the data, and

Controller control the Model from the View. By using MVC, the view can be

designed separately by using the Interface Builder[11].

The primary frameworks for Mac OSX are AppKit and Core Foundation. iOS

uses Core Foundation and UIKit as a primary frameworks. Here are some

frameworks provided by Cocoa:

• Cocoa for Data Management

• AVKit, AVFoundation, Core Video, Core Audio for Audio and Video

• CoreAnimation, CoreImage, OpenGL, SpriteKit for Graphics and Animation

• Address Book, Calendar Store, and Instant Message

2.9. Cocoa Touch

iOS Technology is created to prevent the application talking with the

hardware. Apple decided that application needs to talk to communicate with the

interface and the interface will command the hardware. This technology is set in the

form of layer [12].

Figure 2.3 Cocoa in the Architecture of iOS

There are four layers, they are:

a. Core OS Layer

 

 

14  

This layer contains the low level features that are used by most other

technologies. Although the programmer does not use this directly, other frameworks

call this layer. This layer includes Bluetooth, External Accessory, General Security

Services and Security Framework.

b. Core Services Layer

This layer contains the fundamental system services for applications. These

services are Core Foundation Frameworks, which is one of the primary frameworks

in iOS. The technologies such as iCloud, social media and networking use this layer.

c. Media Layer

Media Layer contains the graphics, audio and video technologies that are

used within the application. This service contains the UIKit Framework, which is

responsible for creating the user interface of the application.

d. Cocoa Touch

This is a high level system services which includes multitasking, multi touch

input, push notifications, airdrop, view controllers, address book, map kit,

messaging, etc.

Cocoa Touch is working together with the other layers to make an intuitive

application. The primary frameworks that are needed by Cocoa Touch are:

UIKit : UIKit is on the Media Layer and it provide a user interface

application display and the structures for apps’ behaviour.

Foundation : The Object Oriented version of Core Foundation Framework

which provides primitive data types, collections, builds mechanisms for their

management and defineing basic behaviour of the objects.

2.10. Xcode

 

 

15  

Xcode is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that contains the full

set of development tools, basic library and its framework for creating both iOS and

OSX application. XCode is developed by Apple and can only be downloaded from

Mac AppStore.

Developers use Xcode for these purposes:

• Create and Manage Projects

• Write the source code in colorful editors

• Design the user Interface of the application

• Build project

• Debug an application project in the simulator

• Install the application project in registered iOS devices

Figure 2.4 Xcode User Interface

2.11 Xamarin Studio

Xamarin is a development environment that allows developers to build an

Android and iOS application in C#. Every task that can be performed in Xcode and

eclipse (Android IDE) also can be completed using Xamarin Studio. For iOS

application, the basic language of the code is still using Objective-C, but Xamarin

Studio uses Portable Class Libraries in order to be C# based.

 

 

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Figure 2.5 Xamarin Studio User Interface

2.12. iPad Simulator

iPad simulator is a simulator that can run and debug application. iPad

simulator will be installed together with Xcode, the tools for developing iOS

application. In developing application, iPad simulator has a little shortage in terms of

feature. The simulator cannot run an application with either game center or push

notification services feature. This feature needs the read iPad devices as it uses some

requirements that are only available on the iPad devices. In addition, camera and

multi touch are not supported in iPad simulator. As a result, developers have to test

and debug their developed application on the real devices.

 

 

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Figure 2.6 iPad SImulator

2.13. Local and Push Notification

Notification is a feature that provides alerts and additional information that

keeps the users informed. Notification can run whether the application is active or

not. Notification can display a message or toast message in the home screen [13].

Some parties might use notification as an advertisement.

Since iOS 3.0, notification can be distinct into two. They are:

Local Notification

Local Notification is notification that will trigger based on the given time.

The application usually set the trigger time of the notification, the badge and the

message that wants to be displayed. After the time has come, the notification will be

active and display either in the toast or in the drawer.

Push Notification

 

 

18  

Push notification is a notification that involves Apple Push Notification

Server to trigger it. Different from local notification, notification will be displayed

after the device gets the message from Apple Push Notification Server. In order to

send the notification, the applications’ server has to communicate with the Apple’s

Server. Next, Apple’s server will continue those messages to the user. Of course,

authentication and authorization of server are needed. After the device receives the

message, the message will be shown directly. Look at below diagram for more detail

[14]:

Figure 2.7 Push Notification Architecture

This thesis will use local notification feature.

2.14. MapKit

MapKit is a framework from the System that enables the application to

embed the map directly into the devices’ view or window. By using this framework,

it is possible to annotate the map, add overlays, and determine placemark

information based on the given coordinates [15].

The mapkit will integrate with Apple Maps.

2.15. JSON

JSON or JavaScript Object Notation is a lightweight format for interchanging

data between platforms, which is easy for human to read and write, and for machine

to parse and generate it. JSON is built in two structures:

A collection of name/value pairs

An ordered list of values

JSON contains 5 basic elements [16]:

a. object à { members }

b. members à pair

pair , members

 

 

19  

c. pair àstring : value

d. array à[]

[ elements ]

e. elements àvalue

value , elements

2.16. WebService

Web Service is interaction method between two different applications or

devices over the World Wide Web. Two protocols that are commonly used by web

service are REST (Representational State Transfer) and SOAP (Simple Object

Access Protocol). The different between SOAP and REST can be seen in below

table:

Table 2.3 Comparison between SOAP and REST

SOAP REST

Hard to develop, required tools Simple to develop

Requires binary attachment parsing. Supports all data types directly.

Return XML data Flexible return based on the chosen

return type

Language, platform, and transport

agnostic

Language and platform agnostic

Well-known old traditional technology New technology compared to SOAP

Not wireless infrastructure friendly Wireless infrastructure friendly

Consumes more bandwidth Consumes less bandwidth

Client server interaction is tightly

coupled

Client server interaction is tightly

SOAP request uses POST and require a

complex XML request to be created

which makes response caching difficult.

Restful APIs can be consumed using

simple GET requests, intermediate proxy

servers / reverse-proxies can cache their

response very easily.

SOAP uses HTTP based APIs refer to

APIs that are exposed as one or more

REST on the other hand adds an element

of using standardized URIs, and also

 

 

20  

HTTP URIs and typical responses are in

XML / JSON. Response schemas are

custom per object.

giving importance to the HTTP verb used

(i.e. GET / POST / PUT etc.)

Designed to handle distributed

computing environments.

Assumes a point-to-point communication

model—not for distributed computing

environment where message may go

through one or more intermediaries.

Is the prevailing standard for web

services, and hence has better support

from other standards (WSDL, WS) and

tooling from vendors.

Lack of standards support for security,

policy, reliable messaging, etc., so

services that have more sophisticated

requirements are harder to develop.

Changing services in SOAP web

provisioning often means a complicated

code change on the client side.

Changing services in REST web

provisioning not requires any change in

client side code.

2.17. ASP.NET

It is a development framework for building dynamic web pages and websites

with HTML, CSS, Javascript and .NET Technology. ASP.NET was developed by

Microsoft and was released on January 2002. In the first release, it uses .NET version

1.0 and Active Server Pages technology [17]. ASP.NET supports three different

development models, which are [18]:

• Web Pages (Single Page Model)

Web page uses combination between HTML, Javascript, CSS and the server

code, Razor server markup syntax. Web Pages is perfect for the starter.

• Web Forms (Event Driven Model)

Web Forms is the traditional model of ASP.NET. It is based on event driven

and postback.

• MVC (Model View Controller)

Building a web application based on the MVC design. In View, the

programmers need the basic knowledge about Razor syntax. ADO.NET can be used

as the model to connect with the server. Controller is the control that bridge between

view and controller.

 

 

21  

This thesis will use ASP.NET MVC.

2.18. Web API

ASP.NET Web API is a framework for building HTTP services that can be

utilized by broad range of clients, including both web browsers and mobile devices

application. Web API is using the REST-ful services over the .NET. Some features

of Web API are [19]:

• Support CRUD action by using HTTP verbs GET, PUT, POST, DELETE

• Responses can be formated as JSON or XML

• Responses have an accept header and HTTP status code

• It can be hosted on application or IIS

• Support Odata

• Web API accepts image, PDF, or any other files

• Support Model View Controller feature

2.19. Scrum Development Methodolgy

Scrum Development Methodology is a popular project management in

Information Technology field [20]. In scrum methodology, it is know iterations and

increments. The iterations are small cycles that can produce products, while

increments are incresing number of functionalities within the projects. There are 3

following phases of scrum development methodology, which are:

• Pregame

Pregame is a phase of planning and designing system architecture takes place.

In planning process, delivery date, project team structures, tools, costs, risks of the

projects are described here.

• Game

This phase is divided into a cycle that might consists of implementation,

documentation of the changes, reviewing the progress and lastly making needed

adjustments.

• Post Game

Postgame phase includes product release, integration, testing and training.