Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and

General Physiology

Chapter 2: The Cell and Its Functions

Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12 edition

Organization of the Cell

• Water• Ions• Proteins• Lipids• Carbohydrates

Physical Structure of the Cell

• The Cell Membrane

a. Phospholipid bilayer (hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic)b. Peripheral proteinsc. Integral proteinsd. Membrane carbohydrates (glycocalyx)

Cytoplasm and Its Organelles

• Endoplasmic reticuluma. Smooth and rough

Organelles (cont.)

• Ribosomes

• Golgi Apparatus

Organelles (cont.)

• Lysosomes

• Peroxisomes

• Secretory Vesicles

• Mitochondria

Organelles (cont.)

• Cell Cytoskeletona. Microtubulesb. Intermediate filamentsc. Microfilaments

Organelles (cont.)

• Nucleus

• Nuclear membrane and nucleopores

• Nucleoli and the formation of ribosomes

Functional Systems of the Cell

• Endocytosis

a. Pinocytosis

b. Phagocytosis

c. Function of the lysosome

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Functional Systems (cont.)

• Synthesis and Formation of Cellular Structures

a. Proteins formed by the Rough ERb. Synthesis of lipids by the Smooth ERc. Other functions of the ER

• Specific Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

a. Processing of ER secretionsb. Formation of vesiclesc. Formation of lysosomesd. Replenishing cellular membranes

Functions of the Mitochondria

• Production of ATP

Mitochondria (cont.)

Chemical Processes inthe formation of ATP

Mitochondria (cont.)

Uses of ATP for Cellular Function

Locomotion of Cells

• Ameboid Movement

a. Mechanism of ameboid locomotionb. Control of movementc. Types of cells involved

• Cilia and Ciliary Movements