Chapter 2Studying Geography,

Economics, and Citizenship

Lesson 1Studying Geography

Displaying the Earth’s Surface

• The earth is shaped as a globe.• A globe is a spherical scale model.

• Best shows sizes of continents, shapes of lanmasses, and bodies of water.

• Maps• Flat drawings of all or parts of Earth’s surfaces.

• Similar features• Imaginary lines that divide into hemispheres

Hemispheres

• Equator is the middle line; circles the middle of the earth like a belt• North Hemisphere

• South Hemisphere

• Prime Meridian• East Hemisphere

• West Hemisphere

Finding Places on Earth

• Latitude and Longitude form a grid system

• Latitude is parallel to the Equator• Measure distance North to South

• Longitude is parallel to the Prime Meridian• Measure distance East to West

Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geography

• Five Themes• Location

• Place

• Human-Environment Interaction

• Movement

• Regions

Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geography

• Six Essential Elements• The World in Spatial Terms

• Places and Regions

• Physical Systems

• Human Systems

• Environment and Society

• The Uses of Geography

Type of Maps

• Physical Maps• Show land and water

• Color include brown/green for lands; blue for water

• Show elevation

• Political Maps• Show names and borders of countries

• Location of cities and human-made features

• Major physical features of land area

• Special-Purpose Maps• Specific kinds of information

Reading Maps

• Symbols- signs or picture used on a map

• Scale- measuring line that tells the distances between places on a map

• Cardinal Directions (N-S-E-W)

Using Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams

• Tools that show information• Title give the subject

• Different kinds• Bar graphs, pie graphs, line

graphs, diagrams

• Climate bar graph or Climograph shows long-term weather pattern

Population and Culture

• Population

• Choropleth- uses colors to show population density

• Migration

• Culture- set of beliefs, behaviors, and traits• Language, religion, government,

customs

Lesson 2Exploring Economics

What is Economics?

• What goods and services should we offer?

• How should we create and distribute thee goods and services?

• Who will use these good and services?

What is Economics?

• Resources and production

• Four kinds of resources: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship• Land- natural resources

• Labor-Ability to do work

• Capital- money and goods use to help people make or do things

• Entrepreneurship- running a business and taking on riks

Supply and Demand

• First get good or service that is needed. Then, figure out how much of that good or service to offer.

• Supply: amount of good a producer wants to sell

• Demand: amount consumer wants to buy

• The law of demand says that the lower the price of a good or service, the more of it people will want to buy.

• Textbook p.39

Things that affect supply and demand...

• Scarcity

• Opportunity cost- what you give up to make it or buy it

Managing and Measuring Economies

• Economic Systems• Traditional Economy

• Based on custom

• Children do same job as parent

• Command Economy

• Central gov’t decides what goods will be made and by who

• Market Economy

• Each person makes choices about what to make, sell, and buy

Managing and Measuring Economies

• Economies grow and shrink over time a.k.a. the business cycle

• Recession: economy rises slowly

• Inflation: rising prices; money buys less

Trade in World History

• Why do people trade? When both sides can benefit.• Exports

• Imports

• Early civilizations often trade by bartering• Goods and services are traded for other goods and services

Trade in World History

• Barriers to Trade• Conflict

• Geography

• Communication

• Production in own country

• Global Trade• Globalization: international trade

Lesson 3Practicing Citizenship

Principles of Goverment

• U.S. Constitution

• Representative government: citizens elect gov’t officials

• Federal system: divides powers between central and state gov’t

• Separation of powers: divided among branches (legislative, executive, judicial)• Checks and balances

What is Citizenship?

• Civic participation refer to the duties and responsibilities of all citizens. • Comes from ancient Greece and Rome

• As citizens we have certain right such as freedom of expression and the right to vote

Duties and Responsibilities

• Obey all federal, state, and local laws

• Pay federal, state, and local taxes

• Serve on a jury

• People born in other countries can become citizen

• Stay informed about important issues and topics

• Respect views and rights of others

• Take part in local community

Being a Global Citizen

• Learn about the different issues that affect the world as a whole• Other’s way of life

• Political hardships

• Hunger

• For example- Syrian immigrants

• How can you make the world a better place?