Chapter 2 Solar System
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Solar System
Earth’s Place in Earth’s Place in SpaceSpace
Chapter 2, section 1Chapter 2, section 1
RotationRotation
RevolutionRevolution
OrbitOrbit
The spinning of the Earth about The spinning of the Earth about its axis.its axis.
Creates Creates DAYSDAYS
The movement of the Earth The movement of the Earth about the Sun.about the Sun.
Creates Creates YEARSYEARS
The elliptical (oval) path the The elliptical (oval) path the Earth makes around the Sun.Earth makes around the Sun.
Actually, the Earth’s axis is tilted. 23.5 degrees, to be exact.
The tilted The tilted axis makes axis makes ……
… … seasonsseasons
When you are closest to the Sun, When you are closest to the Sun, it is summer. When you are it is summer. When you are farthest from the Sun, it is farthest from the Sun, it is winter.winter.
This is not because the Earth is This is not because the Earth is all far away, it is because the all far away, it is because the Earth is tilted.Earth is tilted.
Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse Moon moves Moon moves between the sun between the sun and the Earthand the Earth
Can only be seen Can only be seen by a few (moon is by a few (moon is small)small)
Must be during a Must be during a new moonnew moon
Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse Earth moves Earth moves between the Sun between the Sun and the Moon.and the Moon.
Everyone can see a Everyone can see a lunar eclipselunar eclipse
The Solar The Solar SystemSystemChapter 2, section 2Chapter 2, section 2
Our solar Our solar systemsystem
Planetary Planetary OrbitsOrbits
Includes 8 planets, our Sun, Includes 8 planets, our Sun, and many other objects that and many other objects that orbit the Sunorbit the Sun
Is held together by the Is held together by the Sun’s immense gravitySun’s immense gravity
The orbits of the planets The orbits of the planets are elliptical (like a slightly are elliptical (like a slightly flattened circle). flattened circle).
Measuring in Measuring in Outer SpaceOuter Space
Astronomical UnitsAstronomical Units 1AU = 150 million km, which 1AU = 150 million km, which
is the distance from the Earth is the distance from the Earth to the Sunto the Sun
Inner PlanetsInner Planets Group of planets closest to Group of planets closest to the Sunthe Sun
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mercury, Venus, Earth, and MarsMars
Mostly solid, with minerals Mostly solid, with minerals similar to Earthsimilar to Earth
MercuryMercury Closest to the SunClosest to the Sun smallest planetsmallest planet Has many cratersHas many craters No atmosphere No atmosphere extreme extreme
temperatures (425˚C to -temperatures (425˚C to -170˚C) 170˚C)
88 days for 1 revolution88 days for 1 revolution
VenusVenus Second-closest to the SunSecond-closest to the Sun Surrounded by thick cloudsSurrounded by thick clouds Clouds trap solar heat, so Clouds trap solar heat, so
the temperature is always the temperature is always around 472˚C! around 472˚C!
225 days for 1 revolution225 days for 1 revolution
EarthEarth Third planet from the SunThird planet from the Sun Has water; temperature Has water; temperature
allows for ice, water, and allows for ice, water, and vapor.vapor.
Atmosphere with ozone acts Atmosphere with ozone acts as a screen.as a screen.
Very UniqueVery Unique About 365 days for one About 365 days for one
revolutionrevolution Has one moonHas one moon
MarsMars Has seasonsHas seasons Has polar ice capsHas polar ice caps Maybe abundant water at Maybe abundant water at
one time?one time? Looks red because of rust in Looks red because of rust in
rock.rock. Has two small moons Has two small moons
(Phobos, Deimos)(Phobos, Deimos) 687 days for 1 revolution687 days for 1 revolution
Asteroid BeltAsteroid Belt Between Mars and JupiterBetween Mars and Jupiter Pieces of rockPieces of rock Most likely the remains Most likely the remains
from collisions.from collisions.
Outer PlanetsOuter Planets Group of planets farthest Group of planets farthest from the Sunfrom the Sun
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, NeptuneNeptune
Gas GiantsGas Giants
JupiterJupiter Fifth planet from the SunFifth planet from the Sun LARGEST planetLARGEST planet Rotates REALLY fast (only Rotates REALLY fast (only
10hr day)10hr day) Great Red Spot: giant stormGreat Red Spot: giant storm Has Has 6363 moons (Ganymede moons (Ganymede
is bigger than Mercury)is bigger than Mercury) 3 moons have icy water3 moons have icy water Faint ring of dustFaint ring of dust Nearly 12 years for 1 Nearly 12 years for 1
revolutionrevolution
SaturnSaturn Several broad rings made of Several broad rings made of
ice and rockice and rock Has Has 6161 moons moons Titan is the largest moon. Titan is the largest moon.
It resembles Earth during It resembles Earth during primitive times.primitive times.
24.5 years for 1 revolution24.5 years for 1 revolution
UranusUranus The 7The 7thth planet planet Looks blue due to methane Looks blue due to methane
gasgas Axis is almost horizontal Axis is almost horizontal
(sideways)(sideways) 27 moons27 moons Coldest of the 8 planetsColdest of the 8 planets
NeptuneNeptune The last planet The last planet Looks blue due to methane Looks blue due to methane
gasgas Has 13 moonsHas 13 moons Seasons/stormsSeasons/storms 1 revolution is 165 years!1 revolution is 165 years!
CometsComets Large body of ice and rockLarge body of ice and rock Moves around the Sun in an Moves around the Sun in an
elliptical orbitelliptical orbit Tails appear when near the Sun Tails appear when near the Sun Sun melts a little ice and wind Sun melts a little ice and wind
blows particlesblows particles Tail is always away from the SunTail is always away from the Sun
MeteoritesMeteorites Chunks of extraterrestrial rock Chunks of extraterrestrial rock
that fall to the Earth’s surface.that fall to the Earth’s surface. RareRare because most rocks do not because most rocks do not
make it through the Earth’s make it through the Earth’s atmosphere AND 71% of Earth is atmosphere AND 71% of Earth is water (so it’s unlikely to hit land)water (so it’s unlikely to hit land)
Provide a lot of information about Provide a lot of information about spacespace
Can be stone, metal, or a mixtureCan be stone, metal, or a mixture
Stars & GalaxiesStars & Galaxies
Chapter 2, Section 3Chapter 2, Section 3
ConstellatiConstellationsons
Groups of stars that form Groups of stars that form patterns in the skypatterns in the sky
Change depending on the Change depending on the season (what part of the sky season (what part of the sky we are viewing)we are viewing)
Star ColorsStar Colors
Star SizeStar Size
Stars are different colorsStars are different colors Color gives a clue about Color gives a clue about
temperaturetemperature
Red – coolerRed – cooler
Yellow – warmYellow – warm
Blue – hotBlue – hot The Sun is a yellow starThe Sun is a yellow star
Stars are different sizesStars are different sizes The Sun is a medium starThe Sun is a medium star
BrightnessBrightness
Apparent Apparent MagnitudeMagnitude
Stars have different Stars have different brightnessesbrightnesses
How bright a star appears How bright a star appears from Earthfrom Earth
The star’s distance from The star’s distance from Earth affects thisEarth affects this
(flashlight near or far)(flashlight near or far)
The Life of The Life of a Stara Star
11stst: clouds of dust & gas: clouds of dust & gas Gravity pulls them together, Gravity pulls them together,
temperature rises & atoms temperature rises & atoms fusefuse
Stars have a cycle depending Stars have a cycle depending on their sizeon their size
Our Sun is here
SupergiantSupergiantss
SupernovaSupernova
Large stars onlyLarge stars only When fuel is almost used upWhen fuel is almost used up Expand to a supergiantExpand to a supergiant
When the core of a supergiant When the core of a supergiant collapsescollapses
For a few days, may be For a few days, may be brighter than an entire brighter than an entire galaxy!galaxy!
After After supernova:supernova:
Very large stars Very large stars black hole black hole Large stars Large stars neutron star neutron star
GalaxiesGalaxies
3 types:3 types:
Groups of stars, gas, and dust Groups of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravityheld together by gravity
EllipticalElliptical SpiralSpiral IrregularIrregular
The Milky The Milky WayWay
Our galaxyOur galaxy Large spiral (100,000 light Large spiral (100,000 light
years wide)years wide) Includes hundreds of billions Includes hundreds of billions
of starsof stars The Sun revolves around the The Sun revolves around the
center of the Milky Way about center of the Milky Way about once every 225 million years!once every 225 million years!
Center may be a gigantic Center may be a gigantic black hole?black hole?
The Speed The Speed of Lightof Light
Really fastReally fast Light can go around the Earth Light can go around the Earth
7 times in 1 second!7 times in 1 second! Speed of light = 300,000 km/sSpeed of light = 300,000 km/s
Light YearsLight Years Astronomical units are too Astronomical units are too small in the universe, so we small in the universe, so we use light yearsuse light years
It is the distance light travels It is the distance light travels in one yearin one year
About 9.5 trillion km!About 9.5 trillion km! The Milky Way Galaxy is The Milky Way Galaxy is
100,000 ly away!100,000 ly away!
For most galaxies, we are For most galaxies, we are seeing them as they were seeing them as they were millions of years ago because millions of years ago because they are millions of light years they are millions of light years away.away.
The The UniverseUniverse
Each galaxy includes billions Each galaxy includes billions of stars. Our universe may of stars. Our universe may include as many as 100 billion include as many as 100 billion galaxies!galaxies!
In ten days, the Hubble In ten days, the Hubble Telescope took pictures in a Telescope took pictures in a small area of sky. It small area of sky. It discovered 1500 galaxies!discovered 1500 galaxies!
Scientists believe the Scientists believe the universe is expanding (getting universe is expanding (getting bigger) because some bigger) because some galaxies are moving away galaxies are moving away from our Solar System.from our Solar System.