Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
-
Upload
patience-glenn -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
4
Transcript of Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
![Page 1: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons
![Page 2: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Energy
• Energy is defined as the ability to do work
![Page 3: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Energy
• Energy is defined as the ability to do work• Kinetic energy – the
energy of motion
![Page 4: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Energy
• Energy is defined as the ability to do work• Kinetic energy – the
energy of motion• Potential energy –
energy that can be used
![Page 5: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Energy
• Energy is defined as the ability to do work• Kinetic energy – the
energy of motion
• Potential energy – energy that can be used
• Energy is conserved! (1st law of thermodynamics)
![Page 6: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Energy Transfer
• Although energy is conserved, it can move through the following mechanisms:
1) Conduction – heat transfer by physical contact, from higher to lower temperature
![Page 7: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Conduction in the Atmosphere
• Occurs at the atmosphere/surface interface
• Partly responsible for daytime heating/nighttime cooling! (The diurnal cycle)
![Page 8: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Energy Transfer
• Although energy is conserved, it can move through the following mechanisms:
2) Convection – heat transfer by movement
![Page 9: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Convection in the Atmosphere
• Vertical transport of heat
![Page 10: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Convection in the Atmosphere
• Vertical transport of heat
• Horizontal transport of heat = advection
![Page 11: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Convection in the Atmosphere
Courtesy maltaweather.info
![Page 12: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Energy Transfer
• Although energy is conserved, it can move through the following mechanisms:
3) Radiation - transfer of
energy by electromagnetic
radiation (no medium
required!)
![Page 13: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
RadiationCharacteristics of radiation
1) Wavelength – the distance between wave crests
![Page 14: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
RadiationCharacteristics of radiation
1) Wavelength – the distance between wave crests
2) Amplitude – the height of the wave
![Page 15: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
RadiationCharacteristics of radiation
1) Wavelength – the distance between wave crests
2) Amplitude – the height of the wave
3) Wave speed – constant! (speed of light - 186,000
miles/second)
![Page 16: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Radiation
• The wavelength of radiation determines its type
![Page 17: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Radiation
• The wavelength of radiation determines its type
• The amplitude determines the intensity
![Page 18: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Radiation
• What emits radiation?
![Page 19: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Radiation
• What emits radiation? EVERYTHING!!
![Page 20: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Radiation
• The types (wavelengths) and intensity (amplitudes) of radiation depend on temperature
![Page 21: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Radiation
• The types (wavelengths) and intensity (amplitudes) of radiation depend on temperature
Sun is HOT (~10,000oF) Earth is NOT (~59oF)
Shortwave radiation Longwave radiation
![Page 22: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Radiation
• Blackbody – an object that absorbs all radiation and emits the maximum amount of radiation at every wavelength (not realistic)
![Page 23: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Radiation
• Blackbody – an object that absorbs all radiation and emits the maximum amount of radiation at every wavelength (not realistic)
• Graybody – an object that emits a fraction (emissivity) of blackbody radiation (more realistic)
![Page 24: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Radiation
• Blackbody – an object that absorbs all radiation and emits the maximum amount of radiation at every wavelength (not realistic)
• Graybody – an object that emits a fraction (emissivity) of blackbody radiation (more realistic)
• Total radiation emitted is equal to the sum over all wavelengths above
![Page 25: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Radiation Laws
• Stefan-Boltzmann Law – the total amount of blackbody radiation emitted (I) is related to temperature:
I = σT4
![Page 26: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Radiation Laws
• Stefan-Boltzmann Law – the total amount of blackbody radiation emitted (I) is related to temperature:
I = σT4
• For a graybody, this becomes:
I = εσT4
where ε is the emissivity
![Page 27: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Radiation Laws
• Wien’s Law – the wavelength of maximum blackbody emission is related to temperature:
ʎmax = 2900/T
![Page 28: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Radiation Laws
• Wien’s Law – the wavelength of maximum blackbody emission is related to temperature:
ʎmax = 2900/T
Sun is HOT (~6000K) Earth is NOT (~290 K)
![Page 29: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Practical use of Radiation Properties
• Visible satellite imagery doesn’t work in the dark
![Page 30: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Practical use of Radiation Properties
• Visible satellite imagery doesn’t work in the dark• Infrared (longwave) radiation occurs always –
use infrared satellite imagery!
![Page 31: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth• The solar constant – the amount of solar
radiation hitting the earth
![Page 32: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth Earth – 1367 W/m2
Mars – 445 W/m2
![Page 33: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• Earth orbits the sun eliptically (once per 365.25) days
Closest point (perihelion, Jan 4)
Farthest point (aphelion, Jul 4)
![Page 34: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• Earth gets ~7% more radiation in winter (not enough to cause the seasons!) What does?
Closest point (perihelion, Jan 4)
Farthest point (aphelion, Jul 4)
![Page 35: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• Earth’s tilt is the true cause of the seasons!• Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5o
![Page 36: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• 3 factors contribute to
the amount of incoming
solar radiation
(insolation):
1) Period of daylight
![Page 37: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Period of Daylight
Vernal and autumnal equinox
![Page 38: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Period of Daylight
Summer solstice
![Page 39: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Period of Daylight
Winter solstice
![Page 40: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• 3 factors contribute to
the amount of incoming
solar radiation
(insolation):
2) Solar angle
![Page 41: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Solar Angle
![Page 42: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• 3 factors contribute to
the amount of incoming
solar radiation
(insolation):
3) Beam depletion
![Page 43: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Beam Depletion
![Page 44: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• What’s the end result of these 3 mechanisms and the tilt of the earth?
![Page 45: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• What’s the end result of these 3 mechanisms and the tilt of the earth?
- Weather as we know it!
![Page 46: Chapter 2 – Solar Radiation and the Seasons. Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e635503460f94b5f631/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Solar Radiation and the Earth
• What’s the end result of these 3 mechanisms and the tilt of the earth?
- Weather as we know it!
Jet stream… Mid-latitude cylcones…fronts… Thunderstorms…winds