Chapter 2 Short Answer

Jesuit Missions in New France

• Who-Roman Catholic French Missionaries• What-dedicated to converting nonbelievers to

Christianity• Where-from France to Quebec• When-arrived in 1625

• Tried to persuade indigenous peoples to adopt European agricultural methods (economic)

• Learned Indian languages and lived amongst the people (social/cultural)

• Used a variety of methods such as rhetoric, literacy, “remedies”(social/cultural)

• Gained thousands of converts and altered traditional native customs (social/cultural)

Puritans, Separatists, and Presbyterians

• Who-– Presbyterianism: a religious group that dispensed

bishops and placed authority in clerics and laymen called presbyteries

– Puritans (Calvinists): wanted to purify the church– Separatists: wanted to leave the church

• What-forms of Christianity, religious groups/dissenters

• Where- began in England, Ireland, and Scotland• When-1550’s to early 1600’s

• All three groups reformed or changes the church practices (social/cultural)

• Established the churches of England and Scotland.• Wanted the church free from political

interference (political)• Calvinists adopted the idea of predestination

which posed an important dilemma regarding the power of church officials and/or God (social/cultural)

Jamestown and Tsenacommacah

• Who-104 men and boys • What-– Jamestown-the name given by the English (for

their monarch) for the settlement.– Tsenacommacah-the native name of the land the

English settled on. • Where-a region near the Chesapeake Bay• When-1607

• Created small houses and a chapel (social/cultural)

• Fell victim to dissension, disease, drought, and a starving time (social/cultural)

• Attempted to maintain traditional English social and political hierarchies.

• Powhatan group negotiated with Captain John Smith-traded food for weapons (economic/social/cultural)

• Marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe created some sense of peace (social/cultural)

Conditions of Servitude

• Who- usually men between the ages 15-24, 1 in 6 was a woman

• What- English immigrants that came to America as servants with the hope of advancement

• Where- Chesapeake region• When-1600’s

• Servants typically worked six days a week, ten to fourteen hours a day (economic/social/cultural)

• Could earn “freedom dues” such as clothes, tools, livestock, food and land (economic/social/cultural)

• Masters could discipline or sell them but they did have some protection under the law (political)

• Had to endure a “seasoning period” during their first summer which 40% did not survive (social/cultural)

• If a man survived there was chance for advancement into wealth and/or government positions (economic/political)

Pequot War and its Aftermath

• Who-– English settlers under the leadership of Thomas

Hooker– Pequot were the Native American group

• What-conflict between natives and English over land rights

• Where-Connecticut valley/Mystic River• When-1637-1670

• Pequot dominance stemmed from trade with Dutch and Algonquians (economic/social) but ended with English arrival

• Pequot leaders tried but failed to recruit allies (social/cultural)

• Initial conflicts killed 11 English and caused them to retaliate. After a month long battle, 400 Pequot were killed including women and children (social/cultural)

• For the next four decades Native Americans adapted to parts European culture for survival and income. They kept traditional farming methods (cultural/economic).