Chapter 2 Section 2Egypt

Egypt

• Modern Day Egypt • Ancient Egypt

Geography & Climate

• Nile River Valley• Fertile Soil• Upstream Winds• Sunny & Frost-Free• Desert & Sea =

Natural Protection

Canal on Nile Flood Plain

Felucca Boats

Religion

• Polytheistic - Sun gods & Land gods

• Afterlife

• Pharaohs- gods on earth

Economy

• Trade over Isthmus of Suez into Middle East

• Travel by sea or caravan

• Trade Surplus Food- Wheat, Barley, Flax, Cotton

• Peasants farm and give crops for rent & taxes

Menes-3200 B.C.E.

• Unites Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom-crushes rebellion= prosperity

• Founds 1st of 30 dynasties

• Religious & Political Leader

Menes Conquering Lower Egypt

Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

Dates & DurationWhen/How long did it last- # of years

Advancements/

Accomplishments

Internal Power Structure Who had power? Was anyone gaining or losing power?

Reason for declineWhy did it end?

Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

Dates & Duration About 500 years

2700-2200 B.C.E.

About 405 years

2055-1650 B.C.E.

About 480 years

1550-1070 B.C.E.

Advancements/

accomplishmentsGreat Pyramid for King Khufu

Pharaohs make public works projects to help people/conquered nubia

Pharaohs extend territory to land along Mediterranean Sea & to Nubia Empire begins

Internal Power Structure

Pharaoh rule but

Bureaucracy helps

Pharaohs ruled, but were weakened by nobles and priests

•Pharaohs had absolute power for a time•Local governors- sons & bros to Thebes

Reason for decline

Power Struggles

disorder

Power Struggles = Invasion of Hyksos

From Asia w/ Chariots

Invaders- Nubia, Persia, Assyria & Revolt

End of the Old Kingdom-

Relief showing men, women, and children suffering from the effects of severe famine

PHARAOHS CROWNED WITH SHEPHERD’S CROOK AND FLAIL

The Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom was characterized by a new concern of the pharaohs for the people. In the Old Kingdom, the pharaoh had been viewed as an inaccessible god-king. Now he was portrayed as the shepherd of his people.

Tutankhamen- Boy King

• Polytheism comes back

• Tomb found 1922

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/11/photogalleries/king_tut/

Pharaohs of the New Kingdom

• Hatshepsut- c. 1503-1482 B.C.E.

- Female, ruled after husband Thutmose II died

- Married to half brother

- Almost erased from history by stepson

New Kingdom Pharaohs

• Amenhotep IV- 1380-1362 B.C.E.– Not a good leader– Changed religion to monotheism temporarily– Aten the sun god worshipped– Capital from Thebes to Aketaton– Changes name to Akhenaton “he who is pleasing to

Aten”

Ramses II- 1279-1213 B.C.E.

• Last strong pharaoh before decline

• Great temples and monuments

• Wages war against invaders- Hittites

Egypt after decline

• Dominated by outsiders & finally Macedonia and Alexander the Great

• Cleopatra VII tries to get back independence, but fails and Rome takes over in the 1st century B.C.

Egyptian Social Classes

• In your notes draw a pyramid and label it. Use the information on p.41

Daily Life

• Marriage– Married young and arranged– Children especially males valued

• Roles of Men and Women– Men in charge but…

• Women could own property and inheritances • Could own businesses• 4 Women Pharaohs

Writing

• Hieroglyphics vs. Hieratic Script

• Upper class boys train to be scribes starting at age 10

• Rosetta Stone

Art & Science

• Calculate area and volume

• Accurate 365 day calendar

• Embalming

• Medical knowledge- splints, bandages, treatments for disease