Chapter 2Roots of American Democracy

Bell Starter• What is civics?• What is popular sovereignty?• What is the difference between civic duty and

civic responsibility?• Examples of civic duty and responsibility.

CHAPTER 2.1Our English Heritage

WHAT INFLUENCED COLONIAL GOVERNMENT?

TOPICS OF DISCUSSION

• ENGLISH POLITICAL TRADITIONS– REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT: PARLIAMENT– LIMITED GOVERNMENT: MAGNA CARTA

• ENGLISH LEGAL TRADITIONS– COMMON LAW

• ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSPHERS– NATURAL RIGHTS– SOCIAL CONTRACT– SEPARATION OF POWERS

ESTABLISHMENT OF LIMITED GOVERNMENT

• MAGNA CARTA• 1215• SIGNED BY KING JOHN• PROTECTED NOBLE’S RIGHTS• GRANTED CERTAIN RIGHTS TO

LANDHOLDERS• LIMITED POWER OF MONARCH

(NOT ABOVE LAW ANY MORE)• EQUAL TREATMENT UNDER LAW

ESTABLISHMENT OF PARLIAMENT

• ADVISORY BOARD• LEGISLATIVE BODY - MAKE

LAW• PARLIAMENT- REMOVE

KING JAMES II– CREATING A BICAMERAL

GOVERNMENT– HIS DAUGHTER MARY AND

HER HUSBAND WILLIAM BECAME RULERS

• GLORIOUS REVOLUTION: – PARLIAMENT MORE

POWERFUL THAN KING

ESTABLISHMENT OF RIGHTS

• 1689– ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

• KING COULDN’T SUSPEND PARLIAMENT’S LAWS

• KING COULDN’T CREATE SPECIAL COURTS, TAXES, OR RAISE ARMY WITHOUT PARLIAMENT APRROVAL

• MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT FREELY ELECTED

• RIGHT TO FAIR TRIAL BY JURY• BANNED CRUEL AND UNUSUAL

PUNISHMENT

ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMON LAW

• ENGLISH UNWRITTEN LAW

• BASED ON PRECEDENT OR PREVIOUS COURT RULINGS

• PRODUCES A COURT SYSTEM THAT PROVIDES FAIR & UNIFORM PUNISHMENT

• OUR PROPERTY, CONTRACTS & PERSONAL INJURY BASED ON ENGLISH COMMON LAW.

BRINGING THE ENGLISH HERITAGE TO AMERICA

• LOCKE: – NATURAL RIGHTS

• LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY

– ADDED TO SOCIAL CONTRACTS• PEOPLE AGREE TO OBEY GOVERNMENT IF

IT PROTECTED THEIR RIGHTS

• ROUSEAU:– EQUALITY OF MEN

• MAN IS BORN FREE

– PEOPLE DETERMINE GOVERNMENT• MONTESQUIEU

– IDEA DIVIDING THE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

– CHECKS & BALANCES

COLONIAL TRADITIONS OF SELF- GOVERNMENT

• FIRST ESTABLISHED COLONY– 1607 BY VIRGINIA COMPANY –

LONDON MERCHANTS– JAMESTOWN, VIRGINA

• 1619 FIRST REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA– HOUSE OF BURGESSES

• HAS LITTLE POWER• MARKED THE BEGINNING OF SELF-

GOVERNMENT

• 1619 ESTABLISHED HOUSE OF BURGESSES

MAYFLOWER COMPACT

• 1620 PRLGRIMS FROM ENGLAND – ESTABLISHED PLYMOUTH -

MASSACHUSETTS

• MAYFLOWER– SHIP– WROTE THEIR PLAN OF

GOVERNMENT- MAYFLOWER COMPACT

– FIRST DIRECT DEMOCRACY • TOWN MEETINGS – WHICH

DEVELOPED INTO LOCAL TOWN GOVERNMENT

FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT

• 1639 PILGRIMS PERSECUTED FOR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

• LEFT MASSACHUSETTS– COLONIZED IN NOW

CONNECTICUT– FIRST CONSTITUTION – FUNDAMENTAL

ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT– ELECTED ASSEMBLY REPRESENTATIVES– CALLED FOR POPULAR ELECTION OF

GOVERNORS & JUDGES

EARLY LEGISLATURES

• BY 1733 THIRTEEN COLONIES STRECHED FROM MASSACHUSETTS TO SOUTH OF GEORGIA

• CREATION OF SELF GOVERNING COLONIES– GOVERNOR (2)– LEGISLATURES

GROUP ACTIVITY

• 4 PER GROUP • NEED YOUR TEXTBOOK FOR THIS ACTIVITY• 20 – 30 MINUTES TO COMPLETE

PROJECT ASSIGNMENT• COLONIAL BROCHURE• DUE MONDAY SEPTEMBER 10, 2012• PRESENTATION BEFORE CLASS

THE ENGLISH COLONESSECTION 2

• NEW ENGLAND COLONIES• MIDDLE COLONIES• SOUTHERN COLONIES• PEOPLE OF THE COLONIES– PURITANS– PILGRIMS– INDENTURED SERVANTS

Settling the Colonies

• Geography– play a key role in development of the colonies– climate, soil, terrain, availability of rivers and

harbors, natural resources

• By 1733– English had dominated the continent– 13 colonies had settled along the east coast– All had one thing in common• Their English Heritage

New England Colonies

• 1630 – North of Plymouth• Massachusetts Bay –

Boston• More than 15,000• Puritan – leader/religion• Mid-1600s

– Rhode Island– Connecticut– New Hampshire

• Most lived in towns• Farms – small and located

outskirts of town• Long winter and rocky,

infertile soil – farming difficult

• Others – work small business, mill grains, sewing, making furniture, blacksmiths, shoemakers, shopkeepers

• Important Industry - Ship building

Middles Colonies• 1664• New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Delaware• NY – first original Dutch colony

of New Netherland– The Duke of York –

• brother of King Charles II • Received the colony from brother

• 1702 NJ became royal colony• 1704 Delaware became colony• 1680- William Penn –

Pennsylvania– Quaker ideals – freedom of

religion

• Agriculture – wheat and cash crops

• Industries- sawmills, mines, ironwork

• Industries and agriculture –immigrants from Germany, Holland, Sweden, other area of Europe

Southern Colonies

• 1607 – Virginia• 1734 – Maryland• 1729 – North and South

Carolina• Georgia – – led by James Oglethorpe– Serve as a military barrier

• Warm climate, long growing seasons, rich soil

• Agriculture• Rice – South Carolina,

Georgia– Charleston, SC lead

trade - harbors• Leading crop- tobacco– Maryland, Virginia,

North Carolina

People of the Colonies• Religious dissenters

– Followed a faith other than Anglican religion

• Puritans– Anglican Church – wanted purity and reform

• Pilgrims– Part of the Puritans – did not believe in toleration/acceptance of

other religions• Quakers

– Catholics• George Calvert/Maryland-1634-safe home for Catholics• Thomas Hooker/Connecticut-search for religion freedom• Roger Williams-force out Massachusetts-religion views and

brief taking land from Native Americans was wrong• Rhode Island

– Williams new location to practice– First to welcome people of all faith

An American IdentitySection 3

• In 1760, an English traveler, Andrew Burnaby said the colonies would never unite, instead they would end up in civil war.

• Mid 1700s an American identity was shaping up.

Religion

• Pennsylvania and Rhode Island separation of church and state

• Tolerance– Eventually religious

tolerance spread to other colonies during the 1700s.

• Colonist came for religious freedom.

• Key element of American identity

• Puritans made laws to support their beliefs in Massachusetts

Religion

• Great Awakening – Powerful religious

revival

• Renewal of faith during the 1700s

• Baptist• Methodists

• Jonathan Edward’s - “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

Education

• Religion led to the foundation of American’s first colleges and schools

• Harvard – Massachusetts• Princeton – New Jersey

• Set up to train ministers• Educated children to

read the Bible• Levied taxes to pay for

education• Not all were educated

• Enslaved workers

Family • Form the Foundation of American

society• Men were head of their families• Wives work in homes and looked

after children• Towns, women

• Worked outside the home– Maids, teachers, cooks, nurses,

etc

• Assisted men of farms• Sons: worked as apprenticed-

learning trades• Married women few rights

– Could not vote– Participate in

government/church affairs• Widows & unmarried women

• Own property• Run business

Ideas about Government

• Egalitarianism• equality

• Growth of Parliament power 1700s good– protector of

individual rights against royal powers

• British policy did not protect American colonist

Government in Colonies• Ideals of self-government

– View it as their right

• 1733: colonies established & constitutions for each

• 1641: Massachusetts Body of Liberties was adopted– Protected individual rights, part

of colonial law

• 1683: Frame of Government was passed

• 1701: Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges

• Both established basics for the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Right

• By 1776 each colony had its own representative government

Growing Discontent

• During the mid 1700s certain events like the French & Indian War, Taxation, etc occurred that made many colonist feel they did not possess the rights of English citizens.

• Enlightenment Readers in North America: – British policy did not match Locke’s ideals of

“government derives its just powers from the consent of the people”

Section 4 Birth of a Democratic Nation

• Colonial Resistance• Moving Toward Independence– The First Continental Congress– The Second Continental Congress

• The Declaration of Independence

Charles Thomson

Americans in Action

• Pennsylvanian conservatives• Rejected as First Continental Congress

delegate• 1774 – 1789

– Service as Secretary of the First Continental Congress

• Great Seal of the United States– adopted by the Continental Congress in July

20, 1782

Great Seal of the United States

Colonial Resistance and Rebellion

• Mercantilism– Country’s power depends on

wealth• Nation should sell more goods

to other countries

– Favorable balance of trade• More export and less imports

• British high prices– Colonies cheap raw

materials• Cotton and lumber

• French and Indian War– British and French

• In Europe

– Fighting enter North America

– Albany Plan• Plan colonist were

thinking of joining war for common defense

French and Indian War

Stamp Act• Proclamation of 1763– Forbid colonist settling west of the

Mississippi River without permission from British

• Stamp Act of 1765– British attached expensive tax stamps

to all newspapers and legal documents• Quartering Act– Colonies to provide barrack and

supplies for British troops• Colonist boycott– Refusing to buy British good– Organized Sons of Liberty

• Oppose the Stamp Act

Declaratory Act of 1766

• British repealed the Stamp Act

• Parliament passed– Declaratory Act – Parliament had the right to

tax and made decisions for the colonies in all cases

Townshend Acts

• Passed 1767• Set of laws that

legalized the use of writs of assistance to assist customs officials in arresting smugglers

• Writs– Search warrants

“No taxation without representation!”

• Slogan• Colonist resented the

new taxes and felt the Parliament had no rights to tax them

• Had no representation in Parliament

The Tea Act of 1773

• British East India Company– Right to ship tea to

colonies without paying the taxes on tea

– Giving British advantage over colonial merchants

• Created protest– Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts

• Boston Tea Party reaction• British– Coercive Acts

• Colonist– Intolerable Acts

• Laws restricting civil rights and the right to trial by jury for the colonist

MovementToward

Independence

•From Great Britian•Against Intolerable Acts•September 1774•12 Colonies sent delegates•Georgia•Representatives•Philadelphia

Continental Congress

• Philadelphia• 7 weeks• Rights restored• 2 Battles• Massachusetts at Lexington

and Concord• 1st battle of the Revolutionary

War• Talk independence and

Freedom from outside control

First Continental Meeting

Continental Congress

Second Continental Congress• May 1775 – Philadelphia• Battling Independence• January 1776

– Thomas Paine– Common Sense– Complete Independence

• Colonist agreed with Paine to break away for Britain

• Wrote a Declaration American should free nation

Second Continental Congress

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic IdealsSecond Paragraph of Declaration of Independence

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

“That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government….”

Democratic Ideals

John Locke Second Treaties of Government

ActivityWhat do you think this political cartoon represent?

Answer to Political Cartoon• Join, or Die' is a well-known political cartoon, created by Benjamin

Franklin and first published in his Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754. It is a woodcut showing a snake severed into eighths, with each segment labeled with the initials of a British American colony or region. Delaware and Georgia were omitted completely. It has 8 segments of snake rather than the traditional 13 colonies. The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's editorial about the "disunited state" of the colonies, and helped make his point about the importance of colonial unity. During that era, there was a superstition that a snake which had been cut into pieces would come back to life if the pieces were put together before sunset.

• The cartoon became a symbol of colonial freedom during the American Revolutionary War.