Chapter 2 Resonance Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.. Question What is meant by phonation? A.Whispered speech...
-
Upload
gilbert-tucker -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 2 Resonance Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.. Question What is meant by phonation? A.Whispered speech...
Chapter 2Resonance
Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.
Question
What is meant by phonation?
A.Whispered speech sound
B.Voiced speech sound
C.Produce a nasal sound
D.Use your lips to produce sound
E.I don’t know
Vocal Cords
• Phonation
• Vocal cords (variables)– Length– Mass (thickness)– Tension
– Normal Vocal Cord Images/Videos
Cultures
The Jimi Hendrix of Mongolia
Incredible Human Machine Steven Tyler
Wall of Sound Naturally 7
Dr. Patricia Kuhl: Linguist Genius of Babies
Question
Who has the longer vocal folds?
A.Men
B.Women
C.Young boys
D.Young girls
E.Cats
Question
Whose pitch rises as they age?
A.Men
B.Women
C.Young boys
D.Young girls
E.Cats
Question
When does the most dramatic change in phonation occur?
A.Childhood
B.Pubescence
C.Adulthood
D.Elderly
E.Infancy
VC Fundamental Frequency
• Fo (fundamental of vocal fold vibrations)– Vocal folds/chords generate a fundamental and
harmonics– Fundamental is not audible due to vocal tract
resonance– Although Fo not audible, the listener perceives the
audible harmonics as the Fo (perceptually as pitch)• SFF = speaking fundamental frequency
– Average Fo of an individual during normal conversation or during oral reading
VC Fundamental Frequency
• SFF variations:– Age– Gender– Emotions– Sentence type– Disease– Medications
SFF and Age
• Infants 350-500 Hz• Children 270-300 Hz• Pubescence 120 Hz - males; 220 Hz - females• Seniors 162 Hz - males; 177 Hz - females
Gender
• Pubescence– More dramatic change in males than females
SFF
• Seniors– SFF increases in males– SFF decreases in females
Adult Gender Differences
• Male vocal folds: 17 mm and 25 mm (0.67" to 1.0") in length.
• Female vocal folds: 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm (0.5" to 0.7") in length.
Frequency Variables
• Stress and accent of sounds in speech• Prosody features of speech• Measured by:
– FoSD• Normal conversation 20-35 Hz• Varies by age, gender, emotions
– Semitones=pitch sigma (2-4 semitones)– Range – difference between highest and
lowest Fo in sample of speech
Question
Whose voice has the greatest frequency variation?
A.Infants
B.Children
C.Adolescents
D.Adults
E.Seniors
Range of Freq. Variability
• Infants greatest range -1202 Hz
• Children 150-190 Hz
• Adolescents 64-95 Hz
• Seniors 78-101 Hz
Question
What can influence our voice intensity?
A.Prosody of speech
B.Emotions
C.Social situations
D.Health
E.All the above
Amplitude
• Normal 65-85 dB SPL– Prosody of speech– Emotions– Social situations– Health
Medications Adversely Affecting Voice
• Antidepressants • Muscle relaxants • Diuretics • Antihypertensives (blood pressure medication) • Antihistamines (allergy medications) • Anticholinergics (asthma medications) • High-dose Vitamin C (greater than five grams per day) • Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (blood pressure
medication) may induce a cough or excessive throat clearing. • Pill may cause edema in the vocal cords due to estrogen. • Estrogen replacement therapy post-menopause may have effect. • Low level of thyroid replacement medication in patients with
hypothyroidism. • Anticoagulants (blood thinners) may increase chances of vocal cord
hemorrhage or polyp formation in response to trauma.
Medical ConditionsAffecting Voice
• Poor health• Laryngitis• Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease (LPRD)• Voice misuse and overuse• Benign vocal cord nodules• Vocal Cord Hemorrhage• Vocal Cord Paralysis and Paresis • Neurologic related• Laryngeal cancer
Voice Disorders
• Diplophonia– Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD) is a general term to describe
excessive and unnecessary tension of laryngeal muscles during voicing.
– MTD is often referred to by many different names including - hyperfunction, functional dysphonia, ventricular or false vocal fold compression, etc.
– MTD is thought to be a compensatory mechanism in the presence of underlying laryngeal pathology.
– Symptoms often include a sensation of excessive laryngeal tension and strain, vocal fatigue, and hoarseness.
• Neurologic– Spasmodic disphonia– Spasmodic disphonia