CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO...
-
Upload
alfred-hugo-cook -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
2
Transcript of CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO...
![Page 1: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 2LECTURE OUTLINE
SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDESFOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-
INSERTED INTOPOWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES.
2-1
Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
![Page 2: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Reading Assignment 1
Read pages 44-55 in Chapter 2
2-2
![Page 3: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Chemical Elements2-3
_________ = simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties 24 elements have biological role
6 elements = 98.5% of body weight trace elements in minute amounts
_________ = # of protons in nucleus periodic table
elements arranged by _________
![Page 4: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2-4
______________ Number of protons and neutrons in nucleus Atomic mass units (amu)
Number of neutrons determined by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number
![Page 5: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2-5
![Page 6: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Atomic Structure2-6
______ = center of atom _____ : single + charge, mass = 1 amu ______: no charge, mass = 1 amu
Electron shells surround the nucleus ________: single negative charge, little mass electrons swarm about the nucleus in electron
shells (energy levels) _________ in the outermost shell
interact with other atoms determine chemical behavior
![Page 7: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Planetary Models of Elements2-7
p+ represents protons, no represents neutrons
![Page 8: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Electron Energy Levels2-8
Each energy level can hold certain maximum number of __________
Maximum number determined by formula
X=2(n squared)
![Page 9: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Isotopes and Radioactivity2-9
_____________ differ in # of neutrons extra neutrons increase atomic weight isotopes of an element are chemically similar
have same valence electrons
Atomic _____ average atomic mass of the isotopes
![Page 10: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Radioisotopes and Radioactivity2-10
Isotopes same chemical behavior, differ in physical
behavior breakdown gives off radiation
___________ unstable isotopes every element has at least one radioisotope
Radioactivity radioisotopes decay to stable isotopes releasing
radiation we are all mildly radioactive
![Page 11: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ions and Ionization2-11
_______ = transfer of electrons from one atom to another ( stability of valence shell)
• Ions - carry a charge due to an unequal number of ________________
![Page 12: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Anions and Cations2-12• _________
– atom that gained electrons (net negative charge)
• ________– atom that lost an electron (net positive charge)
• Ions with opposite charges are _______ to each other
![Page 13: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
___________2-13
Salts that ionize in water to form body fluids Form solutions capable of conducting electricity
Importance chemical reactivity osmotic effects (influence water movement) electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue
Imbalances cause muscle cramps, brittle bones, coma and death
![Page 14: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2-14
![Page 15: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Molecules and Chemical Bonds2-15
_________ two or more atoms covalently bonded
_________ two or more atoms of different elements covalently
bonded
________ formula elements and how many atoms of each
_________formula location of each atom structural isomers revealed
![Page 16: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Structural Formula of IsomersHow are molecular and structural
formulas different?
2-16
![Page 17: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chemical Bonds2-17
What are the 4 types?
Describe each.
![Page 18: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Chemical Bonds Song2-18
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCYrNU-7SfA&feature=related
![Page 19: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
_________ Bonds2-19
Attraction of oppositely charged ions No sharing of electronsWeak bond (easily dissociates in water)
![Page 20: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
________Bonds2-20
Formed by sharing of valence electronsTypes of covalent bonds
single = sharing of single pair electrons double = sharing of 2 pairs nonpolar
shared electrons (equal time around each nucleus) strongest of all bonds
polar negative charge where electrons spend most time
![Page 21: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Single Covalent Bond2-21
One pair of electrons are ________
![Page 22: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2-22
Double covalent bonds: Two pairs of electrons are _____ each C=O bond
![Page 23: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nonpolar /Polar Covalent Bonds2-23
electrons shared ____
electrons shared _____
Covalent means?Nonpolar/polar refers to?
![Page 24: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
________Bonds2-24
Weakest bond = no sharing of electronsAttraction between polar molecules
positive hydrogen atoms to negative oxygen atoms in a 2nd molecule
Physiological importance properties of water created by shapes of large
complex molecules determined by folding due to hydrogen bonds
![Page 25: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonding in Water
2-25
1
2
![Page 26: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Water animation2-26
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiZJOTt3Dl0&feature=related
![Page 27: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
_________ Forces2-27
Weak attractions between neutral atomsFluctuations in electron density create
polarityOnly 1% as strong as a covalent bond
folding of large molecules significant when 2 large surfaces meet
![Page 28: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
______= ability to dissolve other chemicals
2-28
______(charged substances) dissolve easily in water
______ (neutral substances) do not easily dissolve in water
Water= Metabolic reactions and transport of
substances
![Page 29: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Water as a Solvent2-29
______ water molecules overpower the ionic bond in Na+Cl-
-forming _______ around each ion-water molecules: ____ pole faces Na+, ____ pole faces Cl-
![Page 30: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Adhesion and Cohesion2-30
_________- tendency of one substance to cling to another
_________-tendency of like molecules to cling to each other water is very cohesive due to its ______ bonds surface film on water formed by __________
![Page 31: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Chemical Reactivity of Water2-31
Participation in chemical reactions Water ionizes into H+ OH- Water ionizes other chemicals (acids and salts) Water involved in _________ and __________ reactions
![Page 32: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Thermal Stability of Water2-32
Water stabilizes internal temperature Has high _______ ______
Hydrogen bonds inhibit temperature increases by inhibiting molecular motion Water absorbs heat without changing temperatures
Effective ________ 1 ml of perspiration removes 500 calories
_______: amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C
![Page 33: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Measures of Concentration2-33
Weight per Volume weight of solute in given volume of
solution IV saline: 8.5 grams NaCl/liter of solution
Percentages Weight/volume of solute in solution
IV D5W (5% w/v dextrose in distilled water)5 grams of dextrose and fill to 100 ml
waterMolarity
moles of solute/liter in solution physiologic effects based on number of
molecules in solution not on weight
![Page 34: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Molarity2-34
Molecular weight in grams = 1 mole of molecules
1 mole = Avogadro’s number of molecules
Molarity is the number of moles of solute/ liter of solution MW of glucose is 180 one-molar (1.0M) glucose solution contains
180g/L
![Page 35: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Percentage vs. Molar Concentrations2-35
Percentage# of molecules
unequal weight of solute
equal
Molar # of molecules equal weight of solute
unequal
![Page 36: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Electrolyte Concentrations2-36
Effect the body chemically, physically and electrically depends on charge and concentration
Measured in equivalents 1 Eq will electrically neutralize 1 mole of H+
or OH- ions multiply molar concentration x valence of
the ion 1 M Na+ = 1 Eq/L 1 M Ca2+ = 2 Eq/L
![Page 37: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Acids, Bases and pH2-37
An acid is a ____ ____ (releases H+ ions)
A base is a _____ _____ (accepts H+ ions)
pH = the concentration of _________ a pH of less than 7 is _____ solution a pH of greater than 7 is _____ solution a pH of 7.0 is _____ pH
pH= -log [H+]
![Page 38: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
pH Scale2-38
Strong vs weak acidStrong vs weak base
![Page 39: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Practice
1) Regarding changes in pH, if pH changes from 7 to 5 will the [H+] increase or decrease?
2) By how much?3) Will the solution become more acidic or
more basic?
2-39
![Page 40: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
________
Maintains a constant pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base
2 parts to a buffer: weak acid and a weak base
Acid- can donate H+ ion if [H+] decreasesBase- can accept H+ ion if [H+] increases
![Page 41: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Salts
Mixing an acid and a base results in water and____
A compound that yields ions other than hydrogen ions is called a salt
![Page 42: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Electrolytes
Acids, bases, and salts are called ________Solutions of electrolytes conduct electricity
because of the presence of ionsWould a solution of hydrochloric acid be an
electrolyte?HCl H+ + Cl-
![Page 43: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Chemical Reaction2-43
Process that forms or breaks an ionic or covalent bond
Symbolized by chemical ________reactants products
What are the 4 Classes of reactions?
![Page 44: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
_______ Reactions2-44
Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one
A + B AB
![Page 45: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
_______ Reactions2-45
Large molecules broken down into smaller ones
AB A + B
![Page 46: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
_______ Reactions2-46Two molecules collide and exchange
atoms or group of atomsAB+CD ABCD AC + BD
ex.
Stomach acid (HCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) from the pancreas combine to form NaCl and H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
![Page 47: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Exchange Reactions2-47
Single exchangeAB+C AC+B
Double exchangeAB+CD AD + CB
![Page 48: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
_____ Reactions2-48
Go in either direction (symbolized with double-headed arrow)
A + B AB
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
carbonic acid bicarbonate Law of ______ determines direction
side of equation with greater quantity of reactants dominates
![Page 49: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Reaction Rates2-49
Basis for reactions is _________ and collisions
Reaction Rates affected by:1)2)3)
![Page 50: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
________= all the chemical reactions of the body
2-50
_______: energy releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions
breaks covalent bonds, produces smaller molecules, releases ______
_______: energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
requires _____ input
![Page 51: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions2-51
_______ molecule gives up electrons and releases energy accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent
oxygen is often the electron acceptor
________ molecule gains electrons and energy donating molecule is the reducing agent
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions Electrons are often transferred as hydrogen
atoms
OIL-RIG
![Page 52: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
2-52
![Page 53: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Organic Chemistry2-53
Study of compounds containing carbon4 categories of carbon compounds
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleotides and nucleic acids
![Page 54: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Organic Molecules and _____2-54
Only __ valence electrons bonds readily to gain more valence electrons
Forms long chains, branched molecules and rings serve as the backbone for organic molecules
Carries a variety of ____________ groups
![Page 55: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Functional Groups 2-55
Atoms attached to carbon backbone
Determines __________
![Page 56: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Monomers and Polymers2-56
_________ = very large molecules______= macromolecules formed from
monomers bonded together ______ = an identical or similar subunit
![Page 57: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Polymerization2-57
Bonding of monomers together to form a ________
Formed by _______ synthesis ________ molecules are a polymer of 3000 glucose
monomers ______ molecules are a polymer of amino acids
![Page 58: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
_________ Synthesis2-58
Monomers covalently bond together to form a ________ with the removal of a _____ molecule A ______ group is removed from one monomer
and a _______ from the next
![Page 59: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Hydrolysis2-59
Splitting a polymer (____) by the addition of a water molecule (____) a covalent bond is broken
All digestion reactions consists of ________ reactions
![Page 60: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Organic Molecules: _________2-60
Hydrophilic organic moleculeGeneral formula
________ n = number of _____ atomsfor glucose, n = 6, so formula is C6H12O6
_______ of hydrogen to oxygen
Names of carbohydrates word root sacchar- or the suffix -ose often used
monosaccharide or glucose
![Page 61: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
_____________2-61
Simple sugars
General formula is C6H12O6
structural isomers
• Major monosaccharides– ____________________– produced by digestion of
complex carbohydrates• glucose is blood sugar
![Page 62: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Disaccharides2-62
Sugar molecule composed of ______
Major disaccharides sucrose = __________
glucose + fructose Lactose = __________
glucose + galactose Maltose = __________
glucose + glucose
![Page 63: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
___________2-63
Chains of _______ subunits_______: energy storage in plants
_______: structural molecule of plant cell walls
Glycogen: energy storage in animals
![Page 64: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Carbohydrate Functions2-64
All digested carbohydrates converted to glucose and oxidized to make _______
What are conjugated carbohydrates? Give 3 types with examples of each?
![Page 65: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
2-65
![Page 66: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Organic Molecules: Lipids2-66
_________ organic moleculeLess oxidized and thus has more
calories/gramWhat are the five primary types in humans?
1)2)3)4)
![Page 67: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fatty Acids2-67
Chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms Where is the carboxyl (acid) group? Where is the
methyl group? hydrogen bonded along the sidesClassified
saturated - carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen unsaturated - contains C=C bonds without hydrogen
Is this saturated or unsaturated?
![Page 68: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Triglycerides (Neutral Fats)2-68
3 fatty acids bonded to _______ molecule (________ synthesis)
At room temperature when liquid called _____
often polyunsaturated fats from _______ when solid called _____
saturated fats from _______
Function?
![Page 69: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Phospholipids2-69Triglyceride with one fatty acid replaced
by a ________ groupAmphiphilic character
fatty acid “tails” are _________ Phosphate “head” is _________
![Page 70: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Eicosanoids2-70
Derived from _________ (a fatty acid)_____-like chemical signals between
cellsIncludes ________ – produced in all
tissues
![Page 71: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Steroids and Cholesterol2-71
_______= lipid with carbon atoms in four rings all steroids are derived from _________
Examples:
Cholesterol important component of _________ produced only in animal _______
naturally produced by our body
![Page 72: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
2-72
![Page 73: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Organic Molecules: Proteins2-73
• ______ = polymer of amino acids
• ______ = carbon with 3 attachments– Amino (NH2), carboxy (COOH) and radical
group (R group)
• 20 unique amino acids____groups differ
______ determined by -R group
![Page 74: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Naming of Peptides2-74
_____ = polymer of 2 or more amino acids
Named for the number of amino acids _______ have 2, tripeptides have 3 _______ have fewer than 10 to 15 ________ have more than 15 _________ have more than 100
![Page 75: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Dipeptide Synthesis2-75
•____________creates a peptide bond that joins amino acids
![Page 76: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Protein Structure and Shape2-76
Primary structure
Secondary structure ___________ shape _____bonds between negative C=O and positive
N-H groupsTertiary structure
further folding and bending into _____ and ________shapes that contain both alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
Quaternary structure
![Page 77: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
2-77
![Page 78: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
In Class
1) Describe the secondary level of protein structure.2) What makes up the primary structure of a protein?3) Association of two or more polypeptide chains with one
another refers to what level of protein structure?4) The level of protein structure that includes both alpha helix
and beta pleated sheets and results from interactions between R groups
5) The bonds between amino acids are _________ bonds.6) The bonds between areas of an alpha helix are _________
bonds.
2-78
![Page 79: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Conjugated Proteins2-79
What do we mean by conjugated protein?Give an example
![Page 80: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Protein Conformation and Denaturation2-80
Conformation – unique 3-D shape crucial to function ability to ______ change their conformation
opening and closing of cell membrane pores
Denaturation
![Page 81: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Protein Functions2-81
What are 7 ways proteins function in the body?
![Page 82: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Protein Functions2-82
What are 7 functions of proteins?Structure
collagen, keratin
Communication some hormones, cell receptors
Membrane Transport channels, carriers
Catalysis enzymes
![Page 83: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Protein Functions 22-83
Recognition and protection antigens, antibodies and clotting proteins
Movement molecular motor = molecules that can change
shape repeatedly
Cell adhesion proteins bind cells together
![Page 84: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Enzymes2-84
_______ as biological catalysts promote rapid reaction rates
Substrate - substance an enzyme acts uponNaming Convention
named for substrate with -ase as the suffix amylase enzyme digests starch (amylose)
Lowers ____________= energy needed to get reaction started
![Page 85: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
2-85
Enzymes and Activation Energy
![Page 86: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Steps of an Enzyme Reaction2-86
Substrate approaches enzyme moleculeSubstrate binds to active site forming
enzyme-substrate complex highly specific
Enzyme breaks bonds in substrateReaction products releasedEnzyme repeats process over and over
Can an enzyme be reused?Can an enzyme facilitate any type of
reaction?
![Page 87: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
2-87
Enzymatic Reaction Steps
![Page 88: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Enzymatic Action2-88
Reusability of enzymes enzymes are unchanged by the reactions
Astonishing speed millions of molecules per minute
Temperature and pH change shape of enzyme and alter its ability
to bind enzymes vary in optimum pH
salivary amylase works best at pH 7.0 pepsin works best at pH 2.0
temperature optimum for human enzymes = __________
![Page 89: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Cofactors and Coenzymes2-89
Cofactors _________ (iron, copper, zinc, magnesium or calcium
ions) bind to enzyme and change its ______ _______to function
Coenzymes ______ cofactors derived from water-soluble vitamins
(niacin, riboflavin) transfer ______ between enzymes
![Page 90: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
NAD+ (Cofactor or Coenzyme??)
2-90
NAD+ transports ______from one metabolic pathway to another
![Page 91: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Metabolic Pathways2-91
Chain of reactions, each catalyzed by an enzyme
A B C DA is initial reactant, B+C are intermediates
and D is the end productRegulation of metabolic pathways
activation or deactivation of the _________ cells can turn on or off pathways
![Page 92: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Organic Molecules: ________2-92
3 components nitrogenous base sugar (monosaccharide) one or more phosphate groups
Physiological important nucleotides ATP = energy carrying molecule cAMP = activates metabolic pathways DNA = carries genetic code RNA = assists with protein synthesis
![Page 93: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)2-93
ATP contains adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups
![Page 94: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
ATP2-94
Holds energy in covalent bonds 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have high energy
bonds ~
ATPases hydrolyze the 3rd high energy phosphate bond separates into ADP + Pi + energy
_____________ addition of free phosphate group to another
molecule
![Page 95: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Overview of ATP Production
ATP consumed within 60 secondsContinually replenished
2-95
![Page 96: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Other Nucleotides2-96
___________________(cAMP) formed by removal of both high energy Pi’s from
ATP formation triggered by hormone binding to cell
surface cAMP becomes “___________” within cell activates effects inside cell
![Page 97: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE OUTLINE SEE POWERPOINT IMAGE SLIDES FOR ALL FIGURES AND TABLES PRE-INSERTED INTO POWERPOINT WITHOUT NOTES. 2-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649edd5503460f94beda15/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Nucleic Acids2-97
______ (deoxyribonucleic acid) 100 million to 1 billion nucleotides long contains genetic code
cell division, sexual reproduction, protein synthesis
_____(ribonucleic acid) – 3 types transfer RNA, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA 70 to 10,000 nucleotides long involved in protein synthesis coded for by DNA