Lecture Note Chapter 8 Potential energy and conservation ...
Chapter 2 Lecture Note
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Corporate Finance
CHAPTER TWO
J.D. Han
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1. What kind of choices is a corporate financial manager faced with in funding a project?
2. What financial market instruments would he/she choose? What are the advantages and disadvantages of different funding sources?
4.What kind of institutional structures is the financial manager faced with? - Why does each country exhibit different characteristics in financial market?
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2.1 How to Fund a Corporate Project?2.1 How to Fund a Corporate Project?
1) Where does the fund for a corporate project come from? internal financing vs
external financing
2) How to do external financing?direct financing vs. indirect financing through Financial intermediaries
3) What kinds of financial instruments to issue?bonds; loans; and/or equities (stocks)
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2.2 Financial Instruments or Assets:2.2 Financial Instruments or Assets:
2 classifications of financial assets(instruments):1. Debt versus EquityDebt: Bank Loans and Bonds- Contractual claimsEquity: Residual claims2. Loans versus Marketable Securities2. Loans versus Marketable SecuritiesLoans: personalizedMarketable Securities: Bonds, Equities, Derivatives (options, swaps, futures, and forwards)- arm’s length deals through securities exchanges
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**Sources of External Corporate Financing in U. S.: Choice of Sources of External Corporate Financing in U. S.: Choice of Capital StructureCapital Structure
Two puzzling findingsTwo puzzling findings1) “Equities are not a major instruments for corporate financing.”1) “Equities are not a major instruments for corporate financing.”2) “Marketable Securities are not so important as bank loans.”2) “Marketable Securities are not so important as bank loans.”
equities2%
bonds32%
loans66%
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** It is due to both (lack of) supply and demand:
- (Fund) Supply Side Limitation: financial investors are concerned about “Information Asymmetry”, “Moral Hazard”, “Principal-Agent Problem”, and “Adverse Selection”
- (Fund) Demand Side Limitation: firms may prefer bonds to equities under the current hostile M & A environment and tax laws.
*** In the Canadian corporate financing, equities are somewhat more important than in the U.S. coroporate financing.
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2.3 Financial Intermediaries2.3 Financial Intermediaries
The “four pillars” of Canada’s financial system include:
1. Chartered banks – for Self liquidating short-term investment in principle
2. Trust companies
3. Insurance companies and Pension Funds
4. Investment dealers –for Long term/large scale investment
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** ** Investment Dealers: the Big HandsInvestment Dealers: the Big Hands
Securities Firms /Houses Banks’ M & A Division of Investment Banking
Department For instance- Morgan Stanley Dean Witter- Goldman Sachs- Salomon Smith Barney- Merrill Lynch- Donald Trump; Drexel Burnham, Campeu Co., T. Boone
Pickens (Mesa Petrolium)- Dominion Securities; Mellon; McLeod; Waterhouse.
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**Structure of Securities FirmStructure of Securities Firm
M erg ers an d A q u is it ion s
B ou g h t D ea lU n d erw rit in g
M arke ted D ea l
In it ia l P u b lic O ffe rin g P riva te Is su e
In ves tm en t B an k in g secu rit ies d ea lin g an d b rockerag e
S ecu rit ies F irm
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*Important Concepts in *Important Concepts in Investment BankingInvestment Banking
Issuing Securities: IPO versus Seasoned Issuing
Underwriting: advice, issue, risk-sharing, and stabilization.
Bought Deal vs Best Efforts Private Placement
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Financial MarketFinancial Market
Definition: An organized institutional structure or mechanism for creating and exchanging financial assets.
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Financial Assets/(Liabilities)
=Financial Instruments
= Loans + Bonds + Equities
= Loans + Marketable Securities
= Debts + Equities
Market includes
Stock Exchange and OTC, and Loan Market
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2.4 Kinds of Financial Markets2.4 Kinds of Financial Markets
1) Primary vs. Secondary Market by Newness:- Primary Market: new securities are issued, and it
is Corporate financing source
- Secondary Market(Aftermarkets): existing securities are traded or exchanged
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2) 2) short-termshort-term Money Market vs. Money Market vs. long-termlong-term Capital Market Capital Market
by term periods of financial instruments
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* Money Market* Money Market
Short-term financial assets –Highly Liquid Operates as a dealer or over-the-counter market
(OTC) Sold in denominations > $100,000 Most recognized money market instrument are T-
bills Other money market instruments include
commercial paper, Banker Acceptances, and eurodollars
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* Capital Market 1: Bond Market* Capital Market 1: Bond Market
Intermediate and long term horizon finanical assets Bond markets: -represent the most important markets for
intermediate and long-term debt - operates as OTC market - Government bonds are most important items- Coporate bonds accounts for 20% only
- Asset-backed Securities (ABS):- - example Mortgage-backed securities (MBS)- - Securitization
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* Capital Market II : * Capital Market II : Equity/stock MarketEquity/stock Market
Common stocks, preferred stock and warrants trade in equity markets
Equity securities trade on stock exchangesStock exchanges operate as:- Auction markets is called Stock Exchanges (TSE,
CDNX, ME; and NYSE)
or- Over-the-counter is a sales network (NASDAQ).
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*Canadian Stock Markets Before 1999, there were 5 stock exchanges: TSE,
ME, VSE. WSE, and ASE
After March 1999, there are only TSE, ME, and Canadian Venture Exchange(CDNX)
** Global Equity Market
*** Emerging Equity Market in newly developing economies
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3) Domestic vs. 3) Domestic vs. Global Financial MarketsGlobal Financial Markets
Investment banks act as global coordinators through underwriting syndicates; it has
FOREX market International Money Market eg )Eurocurrency Market
(definition of Eurocurency Market ) a market for deposits and loans denomitated in a currency other than that of the country in which the bank is located
International Capital Markets; International Bond Market and International Equity Market ; Emerging Markets
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4) Derivatives Markets4) Derivatives Markets
Derivative securities - derive the value from underlying assets such as common shares or bonds
Options - a contract that grants the holder the right to buy or sell a security at a given price on or before a given date
Future contracts - agreements to trade assets at a specific price and time in the future
Two types of futures:- Real commodities commodity futures contract- Financial obligations financial future contract
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* * Derivative Markets in North AmericaDerivative Markets in North America Options :- -Montreal exchange (ME) - Canada- -Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOT) – US
Futures: commodities, stocks, and foreign exchanges -Canada’s only commodity futures exchange is the
Winnipeg commodity exchange (WCE) -Major US futures exchanges Chicago Board of Trade
(CBOT)- Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)
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SummarySummary
1. Efficient financial markets are required to channel funds from surplus-spending units (savers) to deficit-spending units. Typically, such securities entitle the holder to a stream of periodic future cash payments.
2. Financial intermediaries allow economies of scale to be realized when matching surplus-spending units with deficit-spending units. Greater opportunities for portfolio diversification and money management can be gained.