1 | P a g e

ikB & 2iz'u&1 dEI;qVj usVodZ D;k gS \mRrj& dEI;qVj usVodZ dbZ izdkj dEI;qVjksa dk leqg gksrk gSA tks vkil esa ,d nqljs ls fdlh rkj ;k rajxks ds ek/;e ls vkil esa tqMs jgrs gSA rFkk ;s dEI;qVj vkil es lqpukvksa dk vknku iznku djrs gSA

dEI;qVj usVodZ dks mudh fo”ks’krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ckVk tk ldrk gSA

tksMus ds rjhdks ds vk/kkj ij1-wired technologies2-wireless technologies

nqjh ds vk/kkj ij1-LAN (local area network)2-MAN (Metropolitan area network)3-WAN (wide area network)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iz'u&2 Network fd vko”;drk D;ks gS \usVodZ ges fuEu lqfo/kk,@mi;ksx iznku djrk gSA ¼isTk 26 ij ns[ks½

1-lalk/ku cWVokjk2-lwpuk cWVokjk3-O;fDr ls O;fDr lapkj4-bysDVªkWfud O;olk;5-ikjLifjd fdz;kRed euksjatu

iz'u&3 arpanet D;k gS \mRrj& ,jikusV nqfu;kW dk loZizFke usVodZ Fkk tks iSdsV Lfofpx ij vk/kkfjr FkkA bl vesfjdk fd mepartment of defense advance research project agency (DARPA) }kjk cuk;k x;k FkkA

iz'u&4 buVjusV D;k gSA rFkk fdlh osclkbV dks pykus ds fy, D;k vko”;d gksrk gS \mRrj& usVodZ dk usVodZ buVjusV dgykrk gSA buVjusV esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dzsfUn; fu;a=.k ugh gksrk gSA buVjusV ij gksus okyk lkjk dk;Z osclkbV }kjk gksrk gSA rFkk fdlh Hkh osclkbV dks pykus ds fy, nks phtks fd vko”;drk gksrh gSA¼1½ Mksesu use % vFkkZr osclkbV dk uke

2 | P a g e

¼2½ vkbZ ih ,Msl % dEI;qVj dks fn;k tkus okyk ,d fo”ks’k dksM

iz'u&5 Interspace D;k gS \mRrj &1997&2000 es Msjik }kjk izkstsDV ij fjlpZ fd;k x;kA bl izkstDV ds rgr okLrfod fo”o dh lwpukvks ds lxzag dks flesaUVhd cukus dk dk;Z fd;k x;k gSAbuVjLisl ds izkWVksdkWy ls buVj,DfVo flesfUVd bldsyscy ,d fo’k; dk Mksesu Vkbi vkSj vkdkj dh lwpuk iznku djrk gSA

iz”u & 6 Internet rFkk Interspace es vUrj crkb;s \mRrj& buVjusV ;k ,jikusV ds }kjk ge Qkby rFkk dqN lwpuk iSdsV ds :Ik es ,d flLVe es nwljh flLVe rd VªkalfeV dj ldrs gSA tcfd buVjLisl ls ge lHkh izdkj dh tkudkjh@lqpuk dks ,d lkFk iwjh dE;wfuVh esa usfoxsaV dj ldrs gSA

iz'u&7 Switching D;k gS le>kb;s \mRrj& Switching ,d rdfud gS ftlds }kjk dEI;qVj usVodZ es ,d dEI;qVj ls izkIr MkVk dks nwljs dEI;qVj usVodZ rd swich ;k send/ Hkstk tkrk gSA

Switching 4 izdkj fd gksrh gSA(1) Circuti Switching: Circuti Switching es nksuks midj.k vkil es physically connected gksrs gS ¼rkj }kjk vkil es ,d nqljs ls tqMs jgrs gS½ mnkgj.k % ifCyd Qksu usVodZ

(2) Packet Switching: Packet Switching es nksuks midj.k vkil es physically connected ugh gksrs gSA ¼rkj }kjk vkil es ,d nqljs ls tqMs ugh jgrs gS½iSdsV Lfofpx es nksuks midj.kks ds e/; MkVk dk vknku iznku iSdsVks ds :Ik es gksrk gSA

(3) MESSAGE Switching: ;g Lfofpax okLrfod :Ik ls MkVk dE;qfuds”ku es mi;ksx es yh tkrh gSaA mnk% tele communication(4) cell switching: lsy fLofpax iSdsV fLofpax ds leku gksrh gSA ijUrq bles iSdsV dk vkdkj ¼size½ fuf”pr ugh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k% ATM

iz'u&8 Channel D;k gS \

3 | P a g e

mRrj& pSuy source destination dks ,d iFk ls tksMrk gS tks MkVk o flXuy ys tkus dk gkbos gksrk gSAiz'u&9 nks midj.kksa ds chp lapkj fdrus izdkj dks gks ldrk gS \snks midj.kksa ds chp lapkj flEIysDl. gkWQ&M~;wIysDl ;k Qqy M~;wIysDl gks ldrk gSA(I) simplex mode: bl fof/k es MkVk dk VªkWlfe”ku ,d gh fn”kk esa gksrk gSA

(II) Half duplex: bles MkVk dk VkWlfe”ku nksuks fn”kkvks es dj ldrs gSA ijUrq ,d le; esa dsoy ,d gh fn”kk esa MkVk VkWlfeV ¼izlkfjr½ dj ldrs gSA(III) Full duplex: bl fof/k esa ,d gh le; esa nksuks fn”kkvksa esa MkVk dk vknku iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iz'u&10 Bandwidth fdls dgrs gS \ Bandwidth: - nks fQDofUl ds e/; ds vUrj dks bandwidth dgrs gSA

Bandwidth & Data Rate Eksa vUrj crkb;s \cSaMfoM ~Fk usVodZ vFkok bUVjusV ij ,d fuf”pr le; esa ,d dEI;qVj ls nwljs dEI;qVj ij izlkfjr gksus okys MkVk dh ek=k gSAfMftVy flXuy ds fy, cSaMfoM~Fk dh rjg MkVk VªkalQj dks MkVk jsV ;k fcV jsV dgk tkrk gSA MkVk lapj.k dh jsV fcV dh la[;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ,d lsd.M esa VªkalfeVsM fcV~l dh la[;k dks ml pSuy dh fcV jsV ;k MkVk jsV dgrs gSA

4 | P a g e

iz'u&11 Vz~kalfe”ku ehfM;k fdls dgrs gSA o.kZu fdft, \

Vz~kalfe”ku ehfM;k dks ge nks dsVxjh esa ckV ldrs gSa¼1½ xkbMsM ehfM;k¼2½ vuxkbMsM ehfM;k

Guided media :- xkbfMM ehfM;k ds }kjk ge nks flLVe dks rkjks ds ek/;e ls ¼physical connect½ tksMk tkrk gSa

xkbfMM ehfM;k rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA¼1½ VfoLfVM isvj dscy (Twisted pair cable)¼2½ dks,Dls,y dscy (coaxial cable)¼3½ Qkbcj vksifVd dscy (Fiber optic cable)

(1.) Twisted pair cable :- ;g dscy nks pkyd ¼ dkWij ½ ls cus rkj ls cuh gksrh gSA bu nksuks rkjks ds mij bulqysVj (insulator) (IykfLVd ;k jcj) yxk jgrk gSA bu nksuks rkjks dks vkil es VfoLV ¼xqaruk½ dj fn;k tkrk gS A VfoLfVM dscy nks izdkj fd gksrh gSA

¼1½ UTP (unshielded Twisted pair) : bl dscy es nks pkyd ij ,d bulqysVj yxk jgrk gSA rFkk bls VfoLV dj fn;k tkrk gSA

(2) STP (shielded Twisted Pair) : bl dscy es nks pkyd ij ,d bulqysVj yxk jgrk gSA rFkk VfoLfVM dscy cukdj ml ij ,d /kkrq dk ,d doj pMk fn;k tkrk gSA rFkk bl /kkrq ds doj ij ,d IykfLVd dk doj vksj p<k fn;k tkrk gSA ftlls dscy fd xq.kork c< tkrh gSAmi;ksx %& ysu es ] VsfyQksu es

¼2½ coaxial cable :- bl dscy es nks pkyd gksrs gSA ,d pkyd lsUVj dksj gksrk gS tks bUlqysVj ls <dk jgrk gSa nwljs pkyd dks bl rjg yxk;k tkrk gSa fd mldk lsUVj iksbUV igys pkyd dk lsUVj iksbUV gksrk gSAmi;ksx% ?kjks es dscy fV oh ds rkjkss ds :Ik es budk mi;ksx gksrk gSA

¼3½ fiber optic cable :- vkWfIVdy QkbZcj iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu dh vo/kkj.kk ij dk;Z djrk gSA Qkbcj vkifVd dscy cgqr iryh gksrh gSa ftldks fd dkWp dh iryh uyh ;k IykfLVd dh iryh uyh dk mi;ksx djrs gq, flxuy dks izdk”k ds :Ik esa lapfjr djrs gSAbl dscy es de /kuRo ds dkWp dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlls izdk”k fd fdj.k viorZu ds ctk; ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSaA

Qkbcj vkWifVd dscy }kjk lapj.k ds fofHkUUk rjhds%&¼1½ multi mode :- eYVh eksM nks izdkj ds gksrs gS

5 | P a g e

¼i½ step index mode¼ii½ agraded index mode

¼i½ ¼LVsi bUMsDl ½ step index mode :- tc izdk”k fd fdj.k dksj rFkk dysfMx fd lrg ij igqprh gS rks ijkorZu dks.k ls ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSA ;g vpkud ijkofrZr izHkko ds dkj.k bldks LVsi buMsDl eksM dgk tkrk gSA

¼ii½ a¼xsMsM bUMsDl ½ graded index mode :- bl eksM es izdk”k dh fdj.k dk ijkoZru dks.k vpkud u gksdj ,d lRk~r ifjoZru gksrk gS ftlls flxuy es vksojysihx vk tkrh gSA bl eksM ls izkIr flxuy iq.kZ :Ik ls “kq) ugh gksrk gSA

¼2½ single mode :- bl eksM es izdk”k fd fdj.k lh/kh fn”kk es xeu djrh gSA

Qk;ns % ¼1½ blesa flxuy dh rhozrk es dksbZ deh ugh vkrh gSA vFkkZr yEch nqjh dk dksbZ vlj ugh gksrk gSA ¼2½ ;g rkj cgqr gYds rFkk irys gksrs gSA

Ukqdlku % ;g rduhd ubZ gS blfy, cgqr eagxh gSA bl rkj dk j[k j[kko cgqr dfBu gksrk gSA

Unguided media:- fo/kqrpqEcfd; rajxks dks fcuk fdlh rkjks dh lgk;rk ls gh lapkfjr fd;k tkrk gSa bl izdkj ds lapkj dks ok;jysl lapkj dgrs gSA(1) Radio :- 3Khz ls 1Ghz rd lkekU;rk% jsfM;ks oso ¼Wave½ dgykrh

gSA ;g oso vksefu Mk;jd”kuy ¼lHkh fn”kkvks esa½ gksrh gSaA vFkkZr ;s rajxs lHkh fn”kkvksa esa lpafjr gksrh gSA vr% ,fUVuk dks fdlh fo”ks’k fn”kk esa fLFkj djus fd vko”;drk ugh gksrh gSA bu rajxksa fd vko`fr;ka de gksus ds dkj.k ;s rajxs fnokj dks ikj dj ldrh gSaA

(2) Microwave :- 1Ghz ls 300 Ghz rd lkekU;rk ekbdks oso dgykrh gSa Ekkbdks oso ckbZ Mk;jsD”kuy gksrh gSA vFkkZr ,fUVuk dks ,d

fg fn”kk esa fLFkj djuk iMrk gSA;g rajxs mPp vko`fr fd gksrh gS blfy, fnokj dks ikj ugh dj ldrh

gSA,fUVuk % ,fUVus dk mi;ksx ,d fg fn”kk esa flxuy dks Hkstus ds

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA,fUVuk nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA¼1½ isjkcksfyd fM”k¼2½ gkWu fM”k

¼3½ infrared :- bl rajx fd vko`fr 300 Ghz ls 400 Ghz gksrh gSA T;knk vko`fr ds dkj.k ;g fnokj dks

6 | P a g e

Hksn ugh ldrh gSA bl y{k.k ds dkj.k nwljs flLVe es dksbZ gLr{ksi ugh gksrk gSA

Network Devices : ;s os midj.k gksrs gS tks dEi;qVj usVod esa MkVk dk vknku iznku djus ds fy, mi;ksx es fy, tkrs gSA

iz'u&12 modem D;k gS \ (1) Modem : eksMe ,ukykWx flxuy dks fMftVy flxuy es rFkk fMftVy flxuy dks ,ukykWx es cnyus dk dk;Z djrk gSA(2) RJ45 connector : RJ45 iqjk uke registered jack 45 gSA bl dusDVj dk mi;ksx yEch nqjh rd flxuy dks izlkfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl dusDVj es 8 ihus gksrh gSA

¼3½ NIC card ;k bFkjusV dkMZ :- NIC card dk iqjk uke Network interface card gSA bl dkMZ fd lgk;rk ls ,d dEi;qVj usVodZ ls vkil es tksMk tk ldrk gSA gj ,u vkbZ lh dkMZ dk ,d Address gksrk gS ftls MAC address dgrs gS bl address dks cnyk ugh tk ldrk gSA bl dkMZ esa Rj 45 , BNL cus gksrs gSA tgkW usVodZ dscy dks dusDV fd;k tkrk gSA

(4) Hub:- gc dk bFkjusV gc] ,fDVo gc] ;k fjfiVj gc ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA gc ,d ,slk fMokbt gS tks eyfViy VfoLfVM isvj fMokbt dk vkil es tksMrk gSA gc vks ,l vkbZ eksMy esa ysvj 1 ij dk;Z djrk gSA ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gS fd gc ,d ,slk fMokbt gS tks ,d dEi;qVj ls izkIr MkVk dks gc ls tqMs lHkh dEiqVj dks izlkfjr djrk gSA gc fdlh Hkh izdkj ls usVodZ izlkj.k dks fua;f=r ugh djrk gSA

(5) Switch :- switch dks usVodZ fLop ¼½ ;k fLofpxa gc ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSAfLop ,d dEi;qVj usVodZ fMokbt gS tks fofHkUu usVodZ dEi;qVj dks vkil es tksMrk gSA

fLop nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA¼1½ Network bridge¼2½ Multi Switch ¼1½ Network bridge :- os fLop tks vks ,l vkbZ eksMy fd ysvj 2 ij MkVk fd izkslsflx djrs gSA usVodZ Bridge dgykrs gSA

¼2½ Multi Switch :- os fLop tks vks ,l vkbZ eksMy fd ysvj 3 ij MkVk fd fLofpx djrs gSA eYVh fLop dgykrs gSA

7 | P a g e

iz'u&13 hub rFkk switch es vUrj crkb;s \fLop vkSj gc es vUrj %& gc ,d source ls izkIr MkVk dks gc ls tqMs lHkh midj.kks dks Hkst nsrk gSAtcfd fLop ,d source computer ls izkIr MkVk dks address ds vuqlkj dsoy destination computer dks gh Hksth tkrh gSA fLop fd lgk;rk ls usVodZ ds Trafic dks Hkh fu;f=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼6½ xsVos (gateway) :- xsVos ,d usVodZ iksbUV fd rjg gksrk gSA tks fd nwljs usVodZ ds fy, entrance dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA xsVos ,d izksVksdkWy LVkWd dks nwljs izksVksdkWy LVkWd esa dUoVZ djrk gSA ;g fdlh Hkh baVjusV ds fy, ;k LVkWfiaV IokWbUVj (stoping pointer½dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA

Topology :- usVodZ Vksiksyksth ,d rduhd gS tks dEI;qVj usVodZ ds fofHkUu vO;o ¼ vFkkZr dEi;qVj rFkk vUr midj.k tks vkil es ,d nqljs ls tqMs gksrs gS½ ds chp ds lecU/k dks n”kkZrk gSA

usVodZ Vksiksyksth fuEu izdkj dh gks ldrh gS &(1) bus topology(2) star topology(3) tree topology

(1) bus topology :- cl Vksiksyksth es lkjs fMokbt ,d fg rkj }kjk vkil es tqMs jgrs gSA bl eq[; rkj dks csd cksu dscy dgk tkrk gSA Source computer ls Hkstk x;k flxuy nksuks fn”kkvksa esa dscy ls tqMs lHkh dEi;qVjks dks Hkstk tkrk gS tc rd fd esd ,M~zsl ;k vkbZih ,Mzs~ okyk destination computer mu flxuy dks fjflo u dj ysAykHk %& cl VksiskykWth dks LFkkfir djuk vklku gksrk gS rFkk de [kpkZ vkrk gSA gkfu %& ¼I½csd cksu dscy gksus ls lkjk usVodZ [kjkc gks tkrk gSA ¼II½u;s dEI;qVjks dks tksMuk dfBu gSA

(2) star topology :- bl usVodZ es ,d gksLV dEI;qVj gksrk gS ftls lh/ks fofHkUu yksdy dEI;qVjksa ls tksM fn;k tkrk gS gksLV dEI;qVj }kjk gh iwjs usVodZ dks dUVªky fd;k tkrk gSAykHk %& ¼i½bl usVodZ es ,d dEI;qVj dks gksLV ls tksMus esa ykbu fcNkus dh ykxr de vkrh gSA¼ii½bles yksdy dEI;qVj dh la[;k c<k;s tkus ij ,d dEI;qVj ls nqljs dEI;qVj ij lwpukvks ds vknku iznku dh xfr izHkkfor ugh gksrh gS D;ks fd nsk dEI;qVj ds chp dsoy gksLV dEI;qVj gh gksrk gSA¼iii½;fn dksbZ yksdy dEI;wVj [kjkc gksrk gS rks “ks’k usVodZ bll izHkkfor ugh gksrk gSA

8 | P a g e

gkfu %& iwjk ra= gksLV dEI;qVj ij fuHkZj gSA ;fn gksLV dEI;wVj [kjkc gks tk; rks iwjk dk iwjk usVodZ Qsy gks tk;sxkA

(3) tree topology :- bl Vksiksyksth dks hierarchy Network ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl Vksiksyksth es ,d root node gksrk gSA tks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd uksM ls tqMk gksrk gSARoot node Vksi ysoy rFkk vU; tqMs uksM one level of hierarchy dgykrs gSANetwork dks tree topology esa connect djus ds fy, de ls de 3 ysoy fd g;kjph gksuk vko”;d gSATree topology es nks low level ds chp gksus okyk MkVk ,d gkbZ ysoy uksM ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA¼;?kfi izR;sd dEI;qVj dsUnzh; gc ls lh/ks tqMk ugha gksrk gS muesa T;knkrj ,d f}rh;d gc ls tqMs gksrs gS tks fd fQj dsUnzh; gc ls tqMk gksrk gSA½ykHk %& ;g ,d fg gc esa vf/kd midj.kksa dks tksMus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSA vr% flXuy }kjk midj.kksa ds chp r; dh tk ldus okyh nwjh dks c<k;k tk ldrk gSAgkfu %& ¼i½ ;fn dsUnªh; gc [kjkc gks tkrk gS rks iwjk flLVe :d tkrk gSA

¼ii½ dscy yxkus fd ykxr T;knk gSA

nqjh ds vk/kkj usVodZ ds izdkj %&

dEI;qVj usVodZ dks nwjh ds vk/kkj ij 3 Hkkxks es oxhZdrZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼1½ LAN (Local area network)¼2½ MAN (metropolitan area network)¼3½ WAN (Wide area network)

(1) LAN :- ysu esa fdlh xkbfMM ehfM;kW dk mi;ksx djds nks ;k nks ls vf/kd dEI;qVj flLVe dks HkkSfrd :Ik ls tksMrs gSA ;g ,d izkbosV usVodZ gSAftldks ge ,d fcYfMx ;k dEiuh ] dsEilZ ;k dkyst esa yxk ldrs gSA

(2) MAN :- esu ysu rFkk osu ds e/; dk usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g usVodZ ,d “kgj dks doj djrk gSA esu dks dbZ fdyksehVj rd bEifyesUV fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g mi;ksxdrkZ fd gkbZ LihM dusDfVfoVh dh vko”;drk dks iqjk djrk gSAmnkgj.k % VsfyQksu deifu;kW esu dk fg ,d Hkkx gSA bl usVodZ es dks,Dlsvy dscy dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (3) WAN :- ;g usVodZ iqjs geographical area ( iqjh nqfu;kW ) adks doj djrk gSA ,d wan MsVk vkSj vkokt dk yEch nwjh rd lapj.k iznku djrk gSA ,slk usVodZ tks fd vis{kkd`r ns”k ;k iwjh lapkj rd foLrkfjr gksrk

9 | P a g e

gS okbM ,fj;k usVodZ dgykrk gSA rd buVjusV blh usVodZ dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

Protocol: izksVkWdky dk vFkZ fu;e gS ftldk mi;ksx dEi;qVj usVodZ es lqpukvksa ds vknku iznku ds fy, mi;ksx es fy, tkrs gSA vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gSs fd izksVkWdky lqpukvksa dks Hkstus ds fy, vko”;d fu;e ;k funs”kks dk leqg gSA iz”u14 % ISO/OSI MODEL D;k gS vFkok OSI model fd ysvjks dk o.kZu fdft, \

ISO/OSI MODEL : ;g eksMy 1984 esa ;wjksi dh ,d laLFkk ISO (international organization for standardization ) }kjk cuk;k x;k FkkAbl eksMy es 7 ysvj gksrh gS ftles izR;sd ysvj nwljh ysvj dks ljfol iznku djrh gSA osi dk iqjk uke open system interconnection gSA

Layers : vks ,l vkbZ ekWMy es 7 yslj gSA tks bl izdkj gSA(1) Physical layer (2) Data link layer (3) network layer (4)Transport layer (5) Session layer (6) Presentation layer (7) Application layer

(1) Physical layer : ;g lcls uhps fd ysvj gSA bl ysvj ij rkj ¼physical media½ tqMk jgrk gSA bl ysvj dk eq[; dk;Z MkVk fyad ys;j ls izkIr flxuyksa dks cnyuk gS;g ysvj MkVk chVl ¼0@1½ dks fo/kqr rajxks es cny dj rkj }kjk izlkfjr djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA ;g ysvj r; djrh gSSA fd gj lSd.M esa fdrus fcV izlkfjr ¼Hkstus½ djus gSA;g ysvj lqpukvks dks Hkstus ds rjhds Hkh r; djrh gSA

(2) Data Link layer : ;g uEcj nks ysvj gS ;g ys;j MkVk dks ,jj Qzh cukrh gSA vFkkZr nks uksMks ;k dEI;qVjks dse/; =qfV;ksa ls jfgr dE;wfuds”ku dh LFkkiuk djuk fg fyad ys;j dk dk;Z gSAbl ysvj ds fuEu dk;Z gksrs gSA ¼1½ forming ¼2½ Physical addressing: ¼3½ Flow of Control ¼4½ Error Control

(3) Network Layer : bl ys;j dk eq[]; dk;Z MkVk dks ftl jkLrs ls VªkWlfeV djuk gS mldk pquko djuk gS bls :fVax dgrs gSA MkVk Hkstus es yxs le; dh x.kuk o mlls lEcf/kr [krksa dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh usVodZ ys;j esa gksrk gSA usVodZ ysvj ] MkVk fyad ysvj ls flxuy izkIr djds mUgsa VªklaiksVZ ysvj esa Hkst nsrh gSA ¼Source ls Destination system ds e/; packet dk Vz~kalfe”ku dh ftesnkjh bl ysvj dh gksrh gSA vFkkZr bl ysvj dk dk;Z usVodZ es xUrO; rd iSdsV dks iqjh ftEesnkjh ls igqpkus dk dk;Z bl ysvj dk gksrk gSA½ bl ysvj ds fuEu dk;Z gSA

10 | P a g e

¼1½ Logical addressing¼2½ Routing

(4) Transport Layer : ;g uEcj 4 ysvj gSA tks fd eSlst dks fMfyoj djus ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA bl ysvj dk izeq[k dk;Z ls”ku ysvj ls izkIr flxuy dks fofHkUu NksVs NksV iSfdVksa esa foHkkftr djuk gSA blds ckn bu iSdsVks dks muds fu/kkfjr LFkku ij VªkWlfeV dj fn;k tkrk gSA

iz'u15 & usVodZ rFkk VªkWliksVZ ysvj es vUrj crkb;sAftl izdkj usVodZ ysvj ,d iSdsV dh fMfyojh djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA mlh izdkj VklZiksVZ ysvj iwjs eSlst dks fMfyojh djus ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA bl ysvj ds dk;Z fuEu gSA

¼1½ service point addressing ¼2½ connection control¼3½ segmentation and reassembly

(5) Session Layer : ;g ysvj nks vyx vyx dEI;wVjsa esa fLFkr izksxzkeksa ds chp ,d izkdj dk lEcU/k LFkkfir djrh gS ls”ku ys; ls lEcU/k LFkfir djus ds fy, ;wtj dk uke o mldk ikloMZ Hkh iz;ksx djuk gksrk gS (;g ysvj fQftdy ysvj dks viuh lfoZlst iznku djrh gSSA bls usVodZ Mk;yksx daUVz~ksyj Hkh dgrs gSA ;g ysvj dE;qfuds”ku flLVe ds e/; buVj,D”ku cukrk gSaA RkFkk bls O;ofLFkr ¼maintain½ djrk gSA½

(6) presentation layer :- ;g ysvj MkVk dks VªkalysV@vuqokn djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA blds fy, lkEkkU;r% ASCII dksM dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (;g ysvj dE;qfuds”ku flLVe ds MkVk QksesV (:i) ] flUVsDl o flesUVsDl dh tkudkjh dks vkil es cnyrk gSA½

¼7½ Application Layer :- ;g ys;j ;wtj dks bl izdkj dh lsok,W iznku djrh gS fd ;wtj vklkuh ls usVodZ dk mi;ksx dj ldsA bl ys;j dk izeq[k dk;Z QkbZyksa dks VªkalQj djuk gS usVodZ esa vyx vyx dEi;qVjksa esa Qkby j[kus ds rjhds fHkUu fHkUu gks ldrs gS bl vlekUrk dks nwj djus dk dk;Z ,Iyhds”ku ys;j djrh gSA (;g ysvj mi;ksxdrkZ rFkk flLVe fd chp bUVjQsflx djokrk gSAbUVjQsflx ds fy, vU; izksVkWdkWy dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA½

eksckby dE;qfuds”ku &% ¼1½ eksckby flLVe ¼MS½ %& ,e ,l ;g eksckby gsUMlsV gksrk gSA tks nqljs mi;ksxdrkZ ds lkFk lEidZ (communicate) djus ds fy, mi;ksx djrs gSA¼2½ cell :- izR;sd eksckby lsok dk ,d {ks= gksrk gSA ftls lsy dgrs gSA¼3½ base station :- izR;sd lsy dk ,d ,fUVuk Vkoj gksrk gSA tks NksVs vkWfQlksa }kjk dUVksy fd;k tkrk gSA

11 | P a g e

¼4½ MSC (mobile switching center) :- lHkh csl LVs”ku ¼VkWoj½ ,d cMs vkWfQlks }kjk dUVksy fd;s tkrs gSA ftUgs eksckby fLofpx lsUVj dgrs gSA

Mobile system transmitting and receiving (eksckby flLVe VkWLfefVx vkSj fjflfoax):- fdlh Hkh dkWy dks VkWlfeV djus ds fy, fuEu in Qksyks djrs gSA

1- dkyWj 10 vdks dk dksM nckdj lsUM cVu nckrk gSA2- eksckby flLVe [kkyh flxuy dks Ldsu ¼i<½ dj mles rkdroj flxuy

Mkydj dj uEcj csl LVs”ku ¼VkWoj½ dks Hkst nsrk gSA3- csl LVs”ku uEcj dks eksckby fLofpax lsUVj dks Hkst nsrk gSA4- eksckby flLVe ds }kjk dUVksy psuy dh lgk;rk ls eksckby

vkbfMUfVfQds”ku ¼igpku½ uEcj czksM dkLV djrk gSA bls isftax dgrs gSA

5- eksckby LVs”ku dks fjfloj Pksuy }kjk lqPkuk fn tkrh gSA6- eksckby fLofpx lsUVj [kkyh Pksuy dks dkWy vlkbu dj nsrk gSA

vkSj dkWy tqM tkrh gSA

CDMA (code divison multiple access):- cdma fofHkUu jsfM;ks rduhd dk mi;ksx dj mPp ekud ij pSuy dk mi;ksx djrk gSA;g fQftdy pSuy ij eYVhiy mi;ksxdrkZ dks psuy dks mi;ksx djus fd lsok iznku djrk gSAfo”ks’krk %& CDMA iz.kkyh ds cgqr lkjs ;qtj leku vko`fr dks “ks;j djrs gSaA

CDMA iz.kkyh esa pSuy MkVk jsV cgqr T;knk gksrk gSA

CDMA iz.kkyh es lsYQ tSfeax ,d leL;k gSA

Gsm dh fo”kss’krk, W %&;wtj ds n`f’Vys[k ds vuqlkj gsm dh lcls mYys[kuh; fo”ks’krk lCLdzkbcj vkbMsfUVfV ekWM~;wy (sim) gS tks ,d eseksjh fMokbl gS rFkk tkudkjh tSls lCLdzkbcj @mi;ksxdrkZ dh igpku la[;k ]usVodZ vkSj ns”k tgkW lCldzkbcj dk;Z djrk gS izkboslh key bR;kfn dks LVksj djrk gSlCLdzkbcj fdlh Hkh Gsm Qksu ls lfozl dks lfdz;k djus ds fy, pkj fMftV ds ilZuy ID uEcj ds lkFk sim dk mi;ksx djrk gSA lHkh gsm eksckby ,d tSls gksrs gS rFkk fcuk sim ds ifjpkfyr ugh fd;s tk ldrs gS ;g sim gh gS tks lCldzkbcj dks mldh igpku uksM ls voxr djkrh gSA gsm dh nwljh mYys[kuh; fo”k’krk ,vj izkboslh gS tks flLVe }kjk iznku dh tkrh gS ;g ,uykWx fm lsyqyj Qksu dh rjg ugh gksrk gS rFkk eksckby uksM dks fujUrj ekWuhVj djrk gSA

wll D;k gS \WLL :- wll dk vFkZ gS wireless local loop

12 | P a g e

;g ,d rduhd gSA tks ?kjksa esa VsfyQksu ysUMykbu Qksu ls fcuk rkj ds tksMus dk dk;Z ¼wireless service fix) djrk gSA tks Lcldkbcj yqi dks ysUMykbu dks jsfM;ks flLVe ds lkFk tksMrk gSA vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gSA fd wll ,d lEisz’k.k fof/k gS tks jsfM;ks rjxksa dks mi;ksxdrkZ rFkk system provider ¼flLVe izksokbMj½ ds e/; VªklfeV djrh gSA wll fdlh izdkj ds rkjks dk mi;ksx ugh djrk gSAykHk %& ;g rdfud nqljh wireless rdfud@ lssokvksa ls lLrh gSA ;g vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk dks VªklQj djus ds dke vkrh gSA blls buVjusV Hkh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA

3 G (3 rd generation ) dk fodkl %& 3G rdfud eksckby dh ihf<;ksa es lcls u;h ih<h gSA 3g usVodZ 2g usVodZ dh rqyuk esa vf/kd lqj{kk is”k djrs gSA ftles f}rh; ih<h ds ekudksa ds lkFk lkFk dqN u;s ekud Hkh tksMs x;s gSA tSlS %& yfuZx LVksd vuarj.k vkfnAykHk %& ¼1½ ;g 3 Mbps (mega bit per second) rd MkmuyksfMx LihM iznku djrk gSA(2) ;g rdfud cdma ij vk/kkfjr gSA orZeku es mi;ksx fd tkus okyh 2g rdfud esa gsm tdma (is - 136) and cdma (Is – 45A) ekudks dk mi;ksx gks jgk gSA ijUrq 3g es bu ekudksa ds lkFk lkFk dqN vkSj u;s ekud tksMs x;s gSA tks bl izdkj gSA tSls %& w-cdma , cdma 2000 , uwc-136 , TD-cdma/TD-scdma , dect technology vkfn ekudks dks tksMk x;k gSA¼3½ 3g lsok ds mi;ksx ds fy, 15&20 MHz bandwidth fd vko”;drk gksrh gSA

Sms :- ;g ljfol eksckby }kjk iznku fd tkrh gSA ,l ,e ,l VsDlV dks NksVs NksVs VqdMks ds :Ik ess ,d eksckby ls nqljs eksckby ij Hkstk tkrk gSA bl VsDlV ds NksVs NksVs VqdMsa dks short message dgrs gSA

E-mail:- bZ esy dks bysDVªkfud esy ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS b esy dEI;qVj ds }kjk Hksth tk ldus okyh bySDVªkfud Mkd lsok dk lf{kIr :Ik gS bysDVªkfud iz.kkyh ds }kjk cMh cMh lwpukvkssa dks izdk”k dh xfr ls Hkstuk] bZ esy us laHko dj fn;k gS blds ek/;e ls vki dksbZ Hkh lqpuk Hkst ;k izkIr dj ldrs gS dEI;qVj dks ekWMse

13 | P a g e

ds }kjk VsfyQksu ls tksMdj i=] xzhfVax o dEI;qVj ds izksxke dks nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh fgLls es Hkst ldrs gSA

Firewall: firewall ,d lkWQVos;j ;k gkWMZos;j gksrk gSA tks fdlh dEi;qVj flLVe dks buVjusV ls tksMus ij vU; flLVe ls MkVk dks lqjf{kr djrh gSAFirewall ok;jl dks flLVe es vkus ls jksdrk gSA ijUrq ok;jl dks gVk ugh ldrk gSA Firewall nqljs dEI;qVj ls vkus okyh lqpukvks dks fQYVj djrh gSA rFkk buVjusV ls vkus okys vupkgsa lqpuk dks Hkh jksd ldrk gSAFirewall vius private usVodZ dks public access ls jksdrh gSA

QkW;jokWy lqpuk dks fuEu izdkj ls fQYVj dj ldrh gSA(1) packet filtering (2) proxy service(3) ip address blocking (4) port blocking

Cookies :- dqfdt VsDlV dk dqN Hkkx gS tks osclkbZV mi;ksxdrkZ dh gkMZfMLd ij LVksj@lqjf{kr gksrh gSA dqN osclkbZV bu Qkby esa mi;ksxdrkZ dk vkbMh@ID lqjf{kr j[krh gSA rFkk dqN osclkbV ;qtj vkbMh ds lkFk lkFk mudk ls”ku Hkh LVksj djrh gSA ftlls ;g irk pyrk gS fd ;qtj us ml osc lkbV dks fdruh ckj pyk@access pqdk gSAdk;Z %& ;fn gkMZfMLd es fdlh osclkbZV dh dqfdt ugh feyrh gSA rks czkmtj ml osclkbV dks igyh ckj czkmt djrk gSA rFkk dqfdt dks gkMZfMLd es lso@save dj fn;k tkrk gSA

(hacker) gsdj rFkk (cracker) dszdj es vUrj %& gsdj¼1) gsdj ,d ,DliVZ dEI;qVj izksxzkej ¼expert computer programmer½ ;k gkMZos;j ,DliV ¼hardware expert½Z gksrk gSA tks fdlh Hkh usVodZ rFkk dEI;qVj flLVe dh lqj{kk dks rksMrk gSA¼2½ dEI;qVj gsdj viuh lhek es jgdj fdlh usVodZ dh lqj{kk dks rksMdj mls vf/kd lqjf{kr cukus

dzsdj¼1½ ijUrq dqN gsdj fdlh Hkh usVodZ dh lqj{kk dks rksMdj mlds MkVk dk xyr mi;ksx djrs gSa ;k mlds MkVk dks uqdlku igWqpkrk gS rks mls dzsdj dgrs gSA dsfdzx@cracking ,d vijk/k ekuk tkrk gSA

14 | P a g e

dk iz;kl djrs gSA ftlls fdlh dEiuh ds usVodZ dh lqj{kk dh {kerk c<krs gSA

¼ Cyber Law ½ Lkkbcj ykW %& ;g ykW@dkuwu tks lkbcj space dks pykrk gSA cyber space dks fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf’kr dj ldrs gSA(1) dEI;qVj dk ,d lewg (2) dEI;qVj ds usVodZ dk ,d lewg (3) buVjusV(4) dEI;qVj MkVk (5) dEI;qVj ds lksQVos;j dk lewg

Rkks ge ;g dg ldrs gSA fd dEI;qVj fd lqj{kk ds fy, lk;cj ykW cuk;k x;k gSAHkkjrh; lkbcj ykW lwpuk rduhd vf/kfu;e 2000 ds rgr dqN MkVk rFkk usVodZ dks mi;ksx es ysus ds fy, dqN fu;e cuk, x;s Fks tks bl izdkj gSA tSls%&¼1) chapter IX – dEI;qVj ds vijk/k ;k nks’k ds n.M rFkk U;k; lEcU/kh fu;e fn;s x;s gSA¼2½ v/;k; II – blds rgr dksbZ O;fDr ,d ifCyd key ds }kjk fjdkWM dks mi;ksx es ys ldrk gSA

ykHk %& ¼1½lkbcj ykW yksxks dks [kjhnkjh rFkk ysu&nsu esa Hk; jfgr okrkoj.k iznku djrk gSA ¼2) ;g fu;e bZ&dkWeZl rFkk bZ esy dks ,d ekU;@lgh rjhds ls lapkj fd lqfo/kk iznku djrs gSA¼3½ fMftVy flxuspj dks oS/kkfud :Ik iznku djrk gSA¼4½ ;nh fdlh dEiuh ds MkVk ;k mldh lqj{kk dks dksbZ rksMrk gSA rks ml ij 1 djksM ;k mlls de tqekZuk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

Voice mail :- voice mail lsok ls ge dE;qfuds”ku dks 24 ?kaVs vkWuykbu pkyq j[k ldrs gSA caller voice mail ds }kjk lans”k NksM nsrk gsA tc Hkh ge Qksu mi;ksx djrs gS rks ge okWbt eSlst ds gksus dk irk pyrk gS vkSj ml eSlst dks ge pyk dj lqu ldrs gSA ;g answer machine fd rjg dk;Z djrk gSA okWbt esy dk mi;ksx dj ge ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks lsn”k Hkst ldrs gSA

Video conferencing D;k gS \;g ,d ,slh bUVj,fDVo baVjusV lfoZl gS ftlesa nks yksx vkWfM;ks rFkk fofM;ks }kjk ,d nwljs dks ns[krs gq, ckr dj ldrs gS \ bls VsyhdkWUQszal Hkh dgrs gS D;ksafd blesa VsyhDE;qfuds”ku VsDuksykWth dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS okLro esa fofM;ksa dkWUQzsflax ,d xzqi os;ju gS vFkkZr~ xzqi ij dk;Z djrk gS

15 | P a g e

Arpanet dk iqjk uke ,MokUlM fjlpZ izkstsDV~l ,tsUlh usVodZ gSA

vkWfIVdy QkbZcj iw.kZ vkUrfjd ijkorZu dh vo/kkj.kk ij dk;Z djrk gSA