Chapter 2: Geospatial and Space Technology
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Transcript of Chapter 2: Geospatial and Space Technology
GST
Chapter 2: Geospatial and Space Technology
Outline
Core Study AreasData SourcesData ProcessingPotential Areas of Applications
Geodesy and Geodynamics
Geodesy is the study of the geometry of the earth including its gravity field. The study of geodesy deals generally with the determination of the figure and size of the earth as well as with the study of the earth’s gravity field.
Geodynamics on the other hand is concerned with the study of the dynamics of the solid earth including the study and monitoring of plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Geodetic methods are core to the study of geodynamics. Geodesy and geodynamics form the scientific foundation on which various aspects of geospatial engineering are based.
Positioning and Navigation
Positioning is about the determination of position of a point on or near the earth’s surface. Positioning is closely allied to navigation, which is concerned with the determination of the position of an object in motion. Both in positioning and in navigation, one requires well-established reference coordinate systems, in four-dimensional space, which comprises the definition of position in terms of place and time. The reference coordinate system provides a reference with respect to which the location of the point or object is to be given.
Shape of the Earth
We think of the earth as a sphere
It is actually a spheroid, slightly bulged at the equator and flattened slightly at the poles
Orientation of the axes: Origin is at the center of mass of the earth. xy-plane is coincident with earth’s equatorial plane. x-axis points in the direction of Greenwich meridian. z-axis is chosen normal to the equatorial plane in
the direction of the geographic north pole. y-axis completes the right handed coordinate system
ECEF Coordinate System
Geographic Coordinates (, h)
Cartesian (ECEF) coordinates are cumbersome in daily use.
An alternative is to represent the position information in geodetic coordinates – latitude, longitude and height or elevation.
Latitude () and Longitude () defined using an ellipsoid, (i.e.), an ellipse rotated about an axis.
Elevation (z) defined using geoid, a surface of constant gravitational potential.
Earth datums define standard values of the ellipsoid and geoid
Topometry and Measurement Systems
Topometry is simply the measurement of topography, taken in its broadest sense to cover the measurement of topography of any object. Topometry thus finds application in the measurement of topography of small artefacts such as bolts and nuts to the measurement of the topography of the earth and even of other planets. Topometric measurements rely on sophisticated measurement systems ranging from those required for precise, industrial, metrology to satellite positioning systems for the measurement of the topography of the earth and the planets. The knowledge in topometry finds application in such areas as in the design and construction of robots, in biomedical engineering, in civil engineering design and construction, in machine guidance and control, in precision industrial measurements, and in the modelling of the environment. The instruments used in Geospatial Engineering are almost exclusively sensor based. Thus this aspect of the discipline covers also the understanding of the working principles of geo-spatial sensors and instruments as well as with their design and construction.
Geoinformatics is concerned with the application of modern computer information systems to the analysis of geo-spatial phenomena and systems. It comprises particularly the disciplines of cartography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geo-spatial information systems (GIS).
Spatial data visualisation (SDV) on the other hand is concerned with the manipulation of graphic representation of geo-spatial data as to be able to realise three-dimensional visualisation of such data. Through SDV one is in a position to create virtual reality models of geo-spatial systems and objects.
Geoinformatics and Visualisation
This is a traditional area of land surveying which is concerned with policy issues in land management on one hand and the management of infrastructure on the other hand. It covers surveys for land management and the design, development, and use of land information systems (LIS) including digital and three-dimensional cadastres. Facility management on the other hand is a modern area of professional practice concerned with the application of information technology in the management of infrastructure. In both these cases, the question of ‘location’ is of critical importance, hence the consideration of this as an integral aspect of geo-spatial engineering.
Land Management and Infrastructure Management
Spatial Data Sources
Electronic Plane Surveying Systems
Remote Sensing
Before EarthquakeBefore Earthquake After EarthquakeAfter Earthquake
Disaster Monitoring-Japan
Mobile Mapping Systems
Hardware Requirements
Software architecture
Information Extraction Process
Data Collection
Data Input
exploration, overlay,neighbourhood,
network, modelling
Spatial Analysis
Decison Making Process
Infomation Output
Spatial Database
User NeedsAssessment
Potential Questions and Answers
CDF-Application
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UKW ALA
N.EAST UGENYA
EAST UGENYA
SOUTH UGENYA
NORTH UGENYA
N.W EST UGENYA
EAST UHOLO
WEST UHOLO
NORTH UHOLO
CENTRAL UGENYAWEST UGENYA
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Wuroya-Umina
Odiado- Har ungu
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Rambul a - Konjr a
Rangala-U ludhi
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WANGOTONG
LURU PRI.SCHOOL
SIHAI SEC.SCHOOL
JERA SEC. SCHOOLJERA PRI. SCHOOLLELA PRI. SCHOOL
UREF PRI. SCHOOL
UMER PRI. SCHOOL
URING PRI. SCHOOL
UHOLA PRI. SCHOOL
SIROR PRI. SCHOOL
RALAK PRI. SCHOOL
ULAWE PRI. SCHOOL
UMINA SEC. SCHOOL
LUNGA PRI. SCHOOL
OGEDA PRI. SCHOOL
OLOMA PRI. SCHOOL
RANGALA BABY HOME
MAUNA PRI. SCHOOL
UGANA PRI. SCHOOL
MAHWI PRI. SCHOOL
SIMUR PRI. SCHOOL
LWERO PRI. SCHOOL
YENGA SEC. SCHOOL
ULOMA PRI. SCHOOL
OHANDO PRI. SCHOOL
ANYIKO SEC. SCHOOL
LIGALA PRI. SCHOOL
ANYIKO PRI. SCHOOL
UCHOLA PRI. SCHOOL
UGAMBE PRI. SCHOOL
SIFUYO PRI. SCHOOL SIMERO PRI. SCHOOL
NYIERA PRI. SCHOOL
MIYARE SEC. SCHOOL
NDENGA SEC. SCHOOL
ULUTHE PRI. SCHHOL
LUANDA PRI. SCHOOL
DIRAHO PRI. SCHOOL
RAMUNDE PRI. SCHOOL
SIRISIA PRI. SCHOOL
HARUNGU PRI. SCHOOL
RADUODI PRI. SCHOOL
SIGINGA PRI. SCHOOL
HUMWEND SEC. SCHOOL
SUWINGA PRI. SCHOOL
SIMENYA SEC. SCHOOL
LUNJERE PRI. SCHOOL
MADUNGU PRI. SCHOOL
MURUMBA PRI. SCHOOL
SIRANGA PRI. SCHOOL
MUDHIERO SEC. SCHOOL
SIGOMERE PRI. SCHOOL
UKELA PRIMARY SCHOOLNYAMSENDA PRI. SCHOOL
GOT NANGA PRI. SCHOOL
BAR NDEGE PRI. SCHOOL
GOT OMALO PRI. SCHOOL
MOI ULOMA SEC. SCHOOL
GOT ODIMA PRI. SCHOOL
SEGA GIRLS SEC. SCHOOL
BAR ONINGE PRI. SCHOOL
UKWALA BOYS PRI. SCHOOLUKWALA GIRLS PRI. SCHOOL
SEGA TOWNSHIP SEC. SCHOOL
UDIRA KAMREMBO PRI. SCHOOL
EQUATOR ROUND TABLE SCHOOL
SEGA HEALTH CENTRE
SIMENYA DISPENSARY
NYANGU HEALTH CENTRE
RAMBULA HEALTH CENTRE
SIGALAME HEALTH CENTRE
SIGOMERE HEALTH CENTRE
BAR NDEGE HEALTH CENTRE
UKWALA HEALTH CENTRE-motuary
SIGINGA SEC. SCHOOL
Jera
Sega
Uwai Bondo
Uriya
Sifuyo
Luhano
Ukwala
Ugunja
Odiado
RangalaSimenya Sidindi
Sigomere
Nzoia shopsNotrh Nzoia
South Nzoia
Mahawa dam
Yiro
Masat
UminaUmala
Ulwan
YengaNdenga
Uyundo
Ambira Buholo
Asango
Konjra
Ligala
Anyiko
Humwend
Siranga
Madungu
Tingare
Ramunde
Lifunga
Kagonya
RambulaHafumbre
Karadolo
Nyalenya
Mudhiero
Got Osimbo
Kathieno A
Kathieno B
PAP OLANG' PRI. SCHOOL
MAGOMBE PRI SCHOOLNYAHARWA PRI. SCHOOL
River Nzoia
10000 0 10000 20000 30000 Meters
N
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Ugenya CDF Projects625000
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BoundaryLocations.
Roads.All weather -looseDry weather roadFoot pathMain track motor
River Nzoia.# Market centres.# Minor towns.
Rehabilitated swamp# Health facilities.# Education facilities.
Legend:
Application-Telecommunication
Health - Malaria
Health-Maternal Mortality Rates
Health-Cancer
Tax-Application
Infrastructure-Application
Retail-Outlet-Application
Boreholes Distribution
Borehole: Yield and Elevations
Education-Application
Bursary distribution
Crime-Mapping
Comparison of Low and high income areas
Forestry & GPS/GIS
GPS and GIS technologies result in rapid collection and coding of data presentation of data in numerous formats
Text based tables Colour maps
GPS/GIS combination brings in analytical power.
GIS is a great
mapmaking tool
GIS has the ability to analyze the information.
Mining Industry
GPS for open pit miningPseudolitesShovelsTruck Management systemSurveying
Drilling blast holes preciselyOpen pit mining equipment can be controlled using inputs provided by GPSFleet ManagementQuarry Applications ( Cement factory – monitoring the vehicle and driver too )
LIDAR
GPS for Airborne Mapping
GPS for Sea floor Mapping
Smart Cap with GPS Receiver
GPS augmentation: personal navigation supported by the human locomotion model
Military UsesPLGR GPS ReceiverThe Man pack was replaced in 1993 by the hand-held Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR)
These units are similar to civilian receivers, but they can use higher-precision GPS signals.
Marine Navigation
Increased marine safety.
GPS and wireless communications deliver precise position information over wireless satellite links for emergency reports, navigation and tracking.
DGPS based systems place and maintain buoys, lights, and day markers that direct traffic in harbours, and on coastlines, rivers and lakes.
DGPS systems are used aboard competitors and committee boats, and provide precision placement for race course marks.
harbour, Inland Waterway Traffic Service
The End