Chapter 2 Foundations: Perception, Attitudes, and Personality Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,...
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Chapter 2 Foundations: Perception, Attitudes, and Personality Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002 2. 1
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Foundations: Perception, Attitudes, and Personality Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,...
Chapter 2
Foundations: Perception, Attitudes, and Personality
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.1
Chapter Overview
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.2
• Personality
• Attitudes
• The Process of Perception
• Person Perception
Quantifying Individual Behavior
B = f (P, S)B = All individual behavior
P = Something inside the person
S = Something outside the person in the situation
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.3
Perception
An individual’s window to the world
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.4
The Process of Perception
Perceiver influencesInput source influences
Sensory Inputs
Attention
Construction
Interpretation
Action inputsFigure 2-1 in textbook
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.5
Attention
Where we choose to direct our sensory input system
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.6
Influences on Attention
NoveltyDistinctivenessVividnessPersonal perspective
Needs MotivationsLimitation of attentionTheories of how world works
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.7
Input Source Perceiver
Construction
The process of organizing and editing the sensory inputs in a
way that makes them potentially meaningful
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.8
Influences on Construction
Input Source Perceiver
Contrast effectsAnchoring-and- adjustment effects“Halo” effects
Own perceptual set/ expectationsPrejudice
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.9
Interpretation
The final stage in the process of perception where the
perceiver attaches meaning to the object or event
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.10
Attribution
A process used in interpretation by which one
perceives the causes of actions and outcomes
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2.11
Process of Attribution
Location
Ability Effort
TaskCharacteristics
Luck
Internal
External
Stability
Permanent Temporary
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.12
Source: Weiner, B. (1975). Achievement motivation and attribution theory. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
Influences on Attribution
Input Source Perceiver
Others’ actionsOthers’ commentsOthers’ opinions Social comparison
Personal perspectiveLimited diversity of circumstances Fundamental attribution error
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.13
Attitudes
Predispositions to respond in consistent ways to certain people,
groups, ideas, or situations
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.14
(George & Jones, 1997)
AttitudesPerceptions (Situation)
Belief System
Values
Beliefs
Affect
Action(Tendencies)
Action
Attitudes
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.15
Personality
The characteristics of an individual that cause consistent
patterns in that individual’s behaviors over time
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.16
(Pervin, 1984)
The Big Five Personality Traits
1. Extraversion — sociable, talkative, assertive, ambitious, active
Figure 2-5 in textbook
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
5. Conscientiousness — responsible, dependable, organized, achievement oriented
2. Emotional stability — calm, secure, not nervous
3. Agreeableness — considerate, cooperative, trusting
4. Openness to experience — imaginative, artistically sensitive, intellectual
2.17
Organizational Personality Traits
Locus of Control
the degree to which people think they can control the consequential events in their lives
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Self-Esteem
the amount of self-respect an individual has for himself or herself
2.18
Strong vs. Weak Situations
VS.
Strong Situations(less likely to predict)
Situation in which
demands are likely to
cause everyone to
behave in the same way
Weak Situations(more likely to predict)
Situation in which
appropriate behavior
is not obvious and
people are free to
decide what to do
Understanding when personality will be useful in predicting behavior
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.19
Person Perception
• Social Identity Theory
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
• Stereotypes
2.20
Social Identity Theory
We define ourselves by comparing and contrasting ourselves to people in other social groups, based on race, age, gender, etc.
Example: identification with a particular political party
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.21
Stereotypes
A complex set of expectations and beliefs associated with specific personal characteristics, such as gender, age, race, or occupation
RaceAge
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher, Copyright 2002
2.22
