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Chapter 2 Forces and Motion Dr. Gluck. Forces and Motion Laws of Motion 2.1 Newton's First Law 2.2...
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Forces and Motion Dr. Gluck. Forces and Motion Laws of Motion 2.1 Newton's First Law 2.2...
Chapter 2Forces and Motion
Dr. Gluck
Forces and MotionLaws of Motion
2.1 Newton's First Law
2.2 Acceleration and Newton's Second Law
2.3 Gravity and Free Fall
2.4 Graphs of Motion
ForcesPS3 (9-11) – 9b, 8a
How do Newton’s laws predict the motion of an object when forces act on it?
What is the difference between forces applied to an object and forces applied by an object?
According to Newton’s third law, why is motion possible?
How does the motion of a mass change due to forces acting on it?
How can we explain the change in motion of a mass as caused by different forces?
2A Investigation: Law of Inertia
Key Question:
Why are heavier objects harder to start or stop moving?
*Students read text section 2.1
AFTER Investigation 2A
2A Investigation Topics
Launch cars of different mass.
Measure time intervals.
Calculate speed based on measured time intervals.
Graph speed vs. mass.
Research and define terms: inertia, weight and mass.
Chapter 2.1 Objectives and Vocabulary
force Newton's first law inertia newton net force
Recognize that force is needed to change an object's motion.
Explain Newton's first law.
Describe how inertia and mass are related.
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Mass – measure of the amount of matter in an object.
Mass – is constant
Weight – measure of gravitational force between two objects.
Weight – changes depending on the amount of gravity
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
English Physicist
Invented calculus
His three laws explain the relationship of forces, an objects mass, and it's motion.
How do we change the motion of an object?
Force
Push or pullAny action that has the
ability to change motion.
Club hits ball. What are the possibilities?
1. Ball stays in motion at constant
speed.2. Another force acts on the ball.
Force is opposite
of the motion causing ball to stop.
Force applied at an
angle and it
changes direction.
Bottom Line: There has to be a force applied to the ball OR the ball moves unchanged forever.
What is going on here?
Describe what is going to happen.
An object in motion stays in motion…..
How could this have been prevented??
Inertia
Property of an object to RESIST a change in motion.
But what causes inertia?
MASS
If mass determines how much inertia an object has, which of these has
more inertia?
The heavier object has more inertia.
1 pound = 4.448 NIs a Newton (N) LARGER
or SMALLER than a pound?
A Newton is SMALLER than an pound.
NET FORCE is the total of ALL forces acting on an object.
Can we just add all the forces acting on the
object mathematically in Newton’s?
NO Direction matters
NET FORCE IS A VECTOR QUANTITY.
Needs magnitude and direction.
Forces in the SAME direction
Add them up: 500 200 = 700 ----
Forces in OPPOSITE directions
Add them up using direction:
500N -200N
Total : 300N
2B Investigation: Newton's Second Law
Key Questions:
What is force?
What is the relationship between force and motion?
*Students read text section 2.2
AFTER Investigation 2B
2B Investigation Topics
Measure time intervals of car moving along track. Calculate and compare speeds of car at different
points on track. Evaluate forces acting on car. Calculate acceleration of car. Use Newton's second law to calculate the force. Graph force vs. time for the car on the track. Explain how speed and acceleration are different
using graphs.
Chapter 2.2 Objectives and Vocabulary acceleration
deceleration Newton's
second law
Define and calculate acceleration.
Explain the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
Determine mass, acceleration and force given two of the quantities.
Newton’s First Law says that a force is needed to change an object’s motion.
What kind of change happens?
What is acceleration?Rate at which speed changes.
f i
What does the acceleration of an
object depend on?FORCE
MASS
This is Newton’s Second Law
Force causes acceleration, and mass resists
acceleration.
Some things to consider when applying Newton’s second law:
1.The NET force is what causes the acceleration.
2.If there is no acceleration, the net force must be zero.
3.If there is acceleration, there must be a net force.
4.The force unit of newtons is based on kg, m, and s.
Chapter 2.3 Objectives and Vocabulary free fall
acceleration due to gravity
velocity weight air resistance terminal speed
Describe the motion of an object in free fall.
Calculate the speed and distance for an object in free fall.
Distinguish between mass and weight.
Explain how air resistance affects the motion of objects.
Free Fall
Objects in free fall accelerate downward due to gravity and no other forces.
Abbreviated by “g”
Has a value of 9.8 m/s/s
ms s
s m =s
So, is the speed (velocity) of a falling object constant
or is there an acceleration?
If you know the acceleration of an object in free fall, you
can predict its speed.
A skydiver falls for 6 seconds before opening her parachute. Calculate her
actual speed at the 6-sec mark and the distance she has fallen in this time.
Given: initial speed = 0 m/s
Time = 6 sec
Looking for: final speed and distance
Formulas: vf = gt vavg = v1 + v2 d=vavgt
2
vf = gt
Vf = 9.8 m/s/s (6 sec)
Vf = 58.8 m/s
vavg = v1 + v2 d=vavgt 2
Vavg = (0+58.8m/s/s) = 29.4 m/s2
d=(29.4 m/s)(6 sec) = 176.4 m
Formulas: vf = gt vavg = v1 + v2 d=vavgt
2
Calculate the final speed and distance for a skydiver who waits only 4 seconds to open his
parachute.
Given: initial speed = 0 m/s
Time = 4 sec
Looking for: final speed and distance
t = 4 sec
Vf = (9.8 m/s/s)(4 sec)
Vf = 39.2 m/s
Vavg = 0 + 39.2 m/s = 19.6 m/s
d = (19.6 m/s)(4 sec) = 78.4 m
An apple falls from the top branch of a tree and lands 1 second later. How tall
is the tree?
Given: initial speed = 0 m/s
Time = 1 sec
Looking for: distance
Formulas: vf = gt vavg = v1 + v2 d=vavgt
2
t = 1 sec
Vf = (9.8 m/s/s) (1 sec) = 9.8 m/s
Vavg = 0 + 9.8m/s = 4.9 m/s2
d = (4.9 m/s)(1 sec) = 4.9 m
Is there a difference between the mass of these astronauts?
Is there a difference between the weight of these astronauts?
Weight depends on gravity.
The more gravity, the more weight.
Chapter 2.4 Objectives and Vocabulary slope Describe motion with position
versus time and speed versus time graphs.
Use a position versus time graph to calculate speed from the slope.
Use a speed versus time graph to calculate acceleration and distance traveled.