Chapter 2Chapter 2

Early Farmers and City DwellersEarly Farmers and City Dwellers

Producing FoodProducing Food

Before 10,000 years ago, ALL HUMANS Before 10,000 years ago, ALL HUMANS were hunters and gatherers!were hunters and gatherers!

After the last Ice Age, groups of people were After the last Ice Age, groups of people were able to spread out.able to spread out. Because of this, they:Because of this, they:

--saw animals and plants they had never seen before!saw animals and plants they had never seen before! --had additional food sourceshad additional food sources --the population increased!the population increased!

What happened to the Animals?What happened to the Animals?

It is a mystery why many large Ice Age It is a mystery why many large Ice Age animals became extinct.animals became extinct.

-Did the -Did the warmer temperatures…warmer temperatures… loss of habitat…loss of habitat… overhunting….overhunting…. kill off the animals?kill off the animals?

The loss of animals meant…The loss of animals meant…

A loss of meat as a food supply!A loss of meat as a food supply!

DroughtDrought

The climate of Southwestern Asia and other The climate of Southwestern Asia and other places grew drier because of a drought which places grew drier because of a drought which caused food shortages!caused food shortages!

This caused PROBLEMS!This caused PROBLEMS!

How to survive a Drought!How to survive a Drought!

People started to figure out how to store food People started to figure out how to store food to last for longer periods of time.to last for longer periods of time.

Others developed weapons to start to hunt Others developed weapons to start to hunt smaller prey.smaller prey.

Women gatherers in Southwest Asia tried Women gatherers in Southwest Asia tried planting seeds of wild grasses such as rye, planting seeds of wild grasses such as rye, barley and wheat (einkorn)- they became the barley and wheat (einkorn)- they became the FIRST FARMERS!FIRST FARMERS!

?Question??Question?

What challenges did What challenges did people face as Earth’s people face as Earth’s

climate changed after the climate changed after the last Ice Age?last Ice Age?

AnswerAnswer

People faced:People faced:

growing populations…growing populations…

animal extinctions….animal extinctions….

and droughtsand droughts

after the last Ice Age.after the last Ice Age.

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

About 10,000 years ago in Southwest Asia, About 10,000 years ago in Southwest Asia, people at Abu Hureyra and Jericho were the people at Abu Hureyra and Jericho were the first to DOMESTICATE PLANTS and first to DOMESTICATE PLANTS and ANIMALS!ANIMALS!

People selected plants that would grow, People selected plants that would grow, making it possible to grow better and better making it possible to grow better and better crops each season! crops each season!

Abu HureyraAbu Hureyra

Was populated in two different periods:Was populated in two different periods: Period 1: people hunted and gatheredPeriod 1: people hunted and gathered Period 2: people farmedPeriod 2: people farmed This shows an area that transitioned from This shows an area that transitioned from

hunting and gathering to farming!hunting and gathering to farming!

Note* When agriculture replaced hunting and gathering, the daily grind changed dramatically. The effects can be read in Neolithic bones from what is now northern Syria. Among them were arthritis and lower back injury in those who ground wheat, and broken teeth and gum disease in those who ate the breads made from it.

Use of AnimalsUse of Animals

Wild dogsWild dogs had been tamed to help people hunt. had been tamed to help people hunt. Wild sheep and goatsWild sheep and goats were now being were now being

captured and kept in pens so people would be captured and kept in pens so people would be sure of a meat supply during droughts.sure of a meat supply during droughts.

Soon these penned animals Soon these penned animals (livestock)(livestock) became became tame and provided resources and a consistent tame and provided resources and a consistent source of meat. source of meat.

These hunting/gathering These hunting/gathering communities soon became communities soon became farming communities.farming communities.

Before Agriculture became a way of life, most Before Agriculture became a way of life, most people were nomads who settled where water, people were nomads who settled where water, wild plants and wild animals were plentiful.wild plants and wild animals were plentiful.

After people started farming, they could build After people started farming, they could build longer-lasting shelters in permanent longer-lasting shelters in permanent settlements, like Abu Hureyra!settlements, like Abu Hureyra!

People in Abu Hureyra lived in pits dug into People in Abu Hureyra lived in pits dug into the ground, covered with reeds:the ground, covered with reeds:

Later, they build houses of mud bricks Later, they build houses of mud bricks consisting of several rooms and providing consisting of several rooms and providing space for an entire family!space for an entire family!

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

This agricultural revolution that had taken This agricultural revolution that had taken place allowed people to produce larger food place allowed people to produce larger food supplies in one place so more and more people supplies in one place so more and more people could live together, work together, organize could live together, work together, organize and create rules in permanent settlements and create rules in permanent settlements building communities.building communities.

?Question??Question?

In which regions around the In which regions around the world did farming develop world did farming develop independently?independently?

Answer:Answer:

Regions included Regions included Northern Africa,Northern Africa, southern Asiasouthern Asia, , eastern eastern AsiaAsia and and South AmericaSouth America..

Farming as a way of Life:Farming as a way of Life:

Agriculture took more work than hunting and Agriculture took more work than hunting and gathering. gathering.

Men had to clear the land, protect crops and Men had to clear the land, protect crops and herds and hunt.herds and hunt.

Women and children planted, cared for and Women and children planted, cared for and harvested the crops then prepared and stored harvested the crops then prepared and stored food.food.

Soil had to be as fertile as possible in order for Soil had to be as fertile as possible in order for plants to grow so crops were often planted in plants to grow so crops were often planted in river valleys.river valleys.

If forests were thick, Slash and Burn Farming If forests were thick, Slash and Burn Farming was used to prepare the soil for planting.was used to prepare the soil for planting.

Slash and BurnSlash and Burn

They had to clear the trees and brush from the They had to clear the trees and brush from the land, burn the trees and mix the ashes with the land, burn the trees and mix the ashes with the soil to fertilize it and plant their crops.soil to fertilize it and plant their crops.

Farming Families Farming Families

--passed on the ownership of land to their next passed on the ownership of land to their next generations…generations…

Farmers worshipped their ancestors as they believed Farmers worshipped their ancestors as they believed the spirits of their ancestors guarded the land!the spirits of their ancestors guarded the land!

Farmers grew enough food to give them surplus Farmers grew enough food to give them surplus (extra food) for times when seasons didn’t harvest (extra food) for times when seasons didn’t harvest enough food. enough food.

They might even lend surplus food to other They might even lend surplus food to other communities in need, creating friendships OR present communities in need, creating friendships OR present surplus to the dead to show respect.surplus to the dead to show respect.

TradeTrade

People began trading surplus food for goods People began trading surplus food for goods such as home-building materials, clothing, such as home-building materials, clothing, tools or other foods not found in their areas.tools or other foods not found in their areas.

? Question?? Question?

In what ways did people In what ways did people use surplus food?use surplus food?

AnswerAnswer

People used surplus food People used surplus food for for plantingplanting, , as food,as food, to help others in needto help others in need as gifts for dead ancestors to show respect.as gifts for dead ancestors to show respect. for trade.for trade.

REVIEW:REVIEW:

Turn to your partner and discuss the following:Turn to your partner and discuss the following: 1. How did changes in climate at the end of the 1. How did changes in climate at the end of the

Ice Age affect food sources for people?Ice Age affect food sources for people? 2. Explain Slash-and-Burn Farming?2. Explain Slash-and-Burn Farming? 3. How did early people domesticate animals?3. How did early people domesticate animals? 4. What were some of the first crops that early 4. What were some of the first crops that early

farmers raised?farmers raised?

1. How did changes in climate at the 1. How did changes in climate at the end of the Ice Age affect food end of the Ice Age affect food

sources for people?sources for people?

As the world’s climate grew warmer and drier, As the world’s climate grew warmer and drier, people developed new ways to store food, people developed new ways to store food, hunted smaller prey and began farming.hunted smaller prey and began farming.

2. Explain Slash-and-Burn Farming?2. Explain Slash-and-Burn Farming?

Slash and Burn Farming required them to clear Slash and Burn Farming required them to clear the trees and brush from their land, burn the the trees and brush from their land, burn the trees and mix the ashes with the soil to fertilize trees and mix the ashes with the soil to fertilize it before planting crops.it before planting crops.

3. How did early people domesticate 3. How did early people domesticate animals?animals?

They domesticated wild dogs then started They domesticated wild dogs then started capturing and penning wild sheep and and capturing and penning wild sheep and and goats. Soon these animals provided valuable goats. Soon these animals provided valuable resources as well as meat.resources as well as meat.

4. What were some of the first crops 4. What were some of the first crops that early farmers raised?that early farmers raised?

Rye, Barley and wheat (einkorn)Rye, Barley and wheat (einkorn)

?Question??Question?

What might have happened to the development What might have happened to the development of Agriculture, had the Ice Age ended a of Agriculture, had the Ice Age ended a thousand years later than it had?thousand years later than it had?

AnswerAnswer

It probably would have developed a thousand It probably would have developed a thousand years later! years later!

Lesson 2Lesson 2

Forming complex SocietiesForming complex Societies

Farming VillagesFarming Villages

Early farming settlements were small (a few Early farming settlements were small (a few families)families)

People lived from one harvest to the next, People lived from one harvest to the next, fighting hunger, bad weather (drought, storms, fighting hunger, bad weather (drought, storms, extreme heat or cold).extreme heat or cold).

Weather affected crops and livestock.Weather affected crops and livestock. Farmers grew surplus food as often as possible Farmers grew surplus food as often as possible

to help with hard times. to help with hard times.

In Other Communities:In Other Communities:

Water was plentiful, soil was good, climate Water was plentiful, soil was good, climate was mild.was mild.

Farming was successful!Farming was successful! Farmers raised many different crops including Farmers raised many different crops including

grains, root vegetables and plants they could grains, root vegetables and plants they could use for medicine, making clothing and for use for medicine, making clothing and for building shelters!building shelters!

Animals such as oxen, camels, dogs and Animals such as oxen, camels, dogs and guinea pigs were kept.guinea pigs were kept.

Successful Farming Communities:Successful Farming Communities:

Subsided/survivedSubsided/survived Produced enough surplus for more and more Produced enough surplus for more and more

people.people. Grew into villages of several hundred people!Grew into villages of several hundred people!

http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=agriculture

By 7000 B.C., farming villages spread across SW Asia. By 7000 B.C., farming villages spread across SW Asia. Abu Hureyra and Jericho grew into farming villages. Abu Hureyra and Jericho grew into farming villages. Jarmo had more than 25 houses!Jarmo had more than 25 houses!

Catal Huyuk and other farming villages in Turkey had Catal Huyuk and other farming villages in Turkey had to be rebuilt many times because the baked clay to be rebuilt many times because the baked clay bricks of the houses crumbled over time. In Catal bricks of the houses crumbled over time. In Catal Huyuk, people were more advanced and decorated Huyuk, people were more advanced and decorated their homes with paintings/carvings of women, bulls, their homes with paintings/carvings of women, bulls, etc.etc.

Catal HuyukCatal Huyuk

Farming Communities Spread:Farming Communities Spread:

By 6000 BC, Agriculture spread to Greece and By 6000 BC, Agriculture spread to Greece and southeastern Europe.southeastern Europe.

Crops- wheat, barley, other grainsCrops- wheat, barley, other grains Animals- cattle, sheep, pigs were kept.Animals- cattle, sheep, pigs were kept. Homes- wood, straw, materials they found nearby.Homes- wood, straw, materials they found nearby. Bandkeramik pottery carved with lines became Bandkeramik pottery carved with lines became

popular in 5500 B.C.popular in 5500 B.C. Farming communities spread in India and Pakistan Farming communities spread in India and Pakistan

(Asia) as well. Water Buffalo were raised there.(Asia) as well. Water Buffalo were raised there.

Bandkeramik pottery Bandkeramik pottery

Growth of AgricultureGrowth of AgricultureAreaArea YearsYears PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

Greece/Greece/

EuropeEurope

6000 B.C.6000 B.C. Wheat, barley, Wheat, barley, etc.etc.

Cattle, sheep, Cattle, sheep, pigspigs

BanderamikBanderamik 5500 B.C.5500 B.C. potterypottery

India/Pakistan India/Pakistan (Asia)(Asia)

5500 B.C.5500 B.C. Grains and other Grains and other cropscrops

Cattle, water Cattle, water buffalo, etc.buffalo, etc.

Asia (Mehrgarh) Asia (Mehrgarh) west of Indus west of Indus RiverRiver

5000 B.C.5000 B.C. Cotton to weave Cotton to weave into cloth for into cloth for tradetrade

ChinaChina 4800 B.C.4800 B.C. Terrace farmingTerrace farming

Terrace FarmingTerrace Farming

The Yangshao People developed Terrace The Yangshao People developed Terrace Farming in China around 4800 B.C.Farming in China around 4800 B.C.

Terraces were formed by cutting steps out of Terraces were formed by cutting steps out of flat land into the sides of hills and mountains. flat land into the sides of hills and mountains. This created more flat This created more flat

land on which to grow land on which to grow

crops. It also protected crops. It also protected

the village from floods!the village from floods!

Artifacts have been found from early farming Artifacts have been found from early farming along the Nile River in N. Africa. Flooding along the Nile River in N. Africa. Flooding buried most artifacts but experts believe buried most artifacts but experts believe farming flourished along the Nile River by farming flourished along the Nile River by 5000 B.C.5000 B.C.

?Question??Question?

What two advantages did What two advantages did terraces provide for the terraces provide for the Yangshao people?Yangshao people?

Answer:Answer:

Terraces provided Terraces provided more flat land for farmingmore flat land for farming and and protection from floods!protection from floods!

Changes in TechnologyChanges in Technology Sticks used to dig up roots/make holesSticks used to dig up roots/make holes Hoe- wooden/stone blade to break up and turn over Hoe- wooden/stone blade to break up and turn over

soil for planting, dig out rocks/tree roots.soil for planting, dig out rocks/tree roots. Stick Plow- cut, lift, turn over soil. One end of a large Stick Plow- cut, lift, turn over soil. One end of a large

stick branch ws sharpened to dig rows in the soil in stick branch ws sharpened to dig rows in the soil in which to plant seeds.which to plant seeds.

Stone Plow-had a stone or wooden blade- cut through Stone Plow-had a stone or wooden blade- cut through the ground faster. Animals later pulled the plows. the ground faster. Animals later pulled the plows. Allowed difficult soil to be now usable, like in Allowed difficult soil to be now usable, like in Europe. Fewer people had to plant larger crops now. Europe. Fewer people had to plant larger crops now. More land could be used for farming.More land could be used for farming.

Irrigation- ditches were dug from rivers to the fields Irrigation- ditches were dug from rivers to the fields so water could be transported to the crops when there so water could be transported to the crops when there was little rain.was little rain.

IrrigationIrrigation

? Question?? Question?

What benefits did the What benefits did the development of the plow development of the plow bring?bring?

AnswerAnswer

The development of the plow The development of the plow allowed fewer people to plant larger allowed fewer people to plant larger crops and to use more of the land for crops and to use more of the land for farming.farming.

Economic and Social ChangeEconomic and Social Change Some villages had a surplus of food, others art objects Some villages had a surplus of food, others art objects

or pottery.or pottery. Bartering began between communities allowing Bartering began between communities allowing

people to trade for things they didn’t have. A people to trade for things they didn’t have. A community with a lot of food but little pottery could community with a lot of food but little pottery could trade with a village that had a lot of pottery but little trade with a village that had a lot of pottery but little food!food!

Catal Huyuk began trading obsidian (volcanic glass Catal Huyuk began trading obsidian (volcanic glass found nearby). Archaeologists have found tools over found nearby). Archaeologists have found tools over the years made from Obsidian around the region. the years made from Obsidian around the region. Jarmo had Obsidian, seashells and other valuable Jarmo had Obsidian, seashells and other valuable materials brought there by traders.materials brought there by traders.

ObsidianObsidian

LeadershipLeadership

With trade, came the need for leadership.With trade, came the need for leadership. Leaders came from the most important Leaders came from the most important

families within villages. families within villages. Leaders controlled trade.Leaders controlled trade. Leaders resolved conflicts.Leaders resolved conflicts. Sometimes leaders united several settlements Sometimes leaders united several settlements

with a common culture. with a common culture. As the number of people under a leader grew, As the number of people under a leader grew,

so did the leader’s power.so did the leader’s power.

Pastoral SocietiesPastoral Societies

Some people didn’t settle in communities, Some people didn’t settle in communities, instead they remained nomads (wanderers) instead they remained nomads (wanderers) with herds of goats, sheep, horses or cattle.with herds of goats, sheep, horses or cattle.

These animals provided milk, hides and bones These animals provided milk, hides and bones for tools.for tools.

As they moved from settlement to settlement, As they moved from settlement to settlement, they might trade the milk, hides, bones for they might trade the milk, hides, bones for items such as surplus grain or other supplies.items such as surplus grain or other supplies.

? Question?? Question?

What resources did pastoral people get What resources did pastoral people get from their animals?from their animals?

AnswerAnswer

Pastoral people got Pastoral people got milk,milk, hideshides and and bonesbones for for tools from their animals.tools from their animals.

Turn to your partner and discuss:Turn to your partner and discuss:

1. Why did early people begin to live together in 1. Why did early people begin to live together in villages?villages?

2. What is a pastoral society and how do they live?2. What is a pastoral society and how do they live? 3. How did living in villages change people’s way of 3. How did living in villages change people’s way of

life?life? 4. In what ways would irrigation require cooperation 4. In what ways would irrigation require cooperation

among people in a farming settlement?among people in a farming settlement? 5. How do archaeologists know that the village of 5. How do archaeologists know that the village of

Jarmo traded with other villages?Jarmo traded with other villages?

1. Why did early people begin to live 1. Why did early people begin to live together in villages?together in villages?

Answer: With surplus food, farming Answer: With surplus food, farming communities could feed larger numbers of communities could feed larger numbers of people. In time, these communities became people. In time, these communities became villages.villages.

2. What is a pastoral society and how 2. What is a pastoral society and how do they live?do they live?

Answer: A pastoral society is a society in Answer: A pastoral society is a society in which people live as nomads herding animals. which people live as nomads herding animals. They can trade the milk, hide and bones from They can trade the milk, hide and bones from their animals for grain or other items they their animals for grain or other items they made need.made need.

3. How did living in villages change 3. How did living in villages change people’s way of life?people’s way of life?

Answer: Village life led to the development of Answer: Village life led to the development of more complex societies, new tools and trade.more complex societies, new tools and trade.

4. In what ways would irrigation 4. In what ways would irrigation require cooperation among people in require cooperation among people in

a farming settlement?a farming settlement?

Answer: People would need to cooperate in Answer: People would need to cooperate in digging ditches and making sure that everyone digging ditches and making sure that everyone had enough water!had enough water!

5. How do archaeologists know that 5. How do archaeologists know that the village of Jarmo traded with the village of Jarmo traded with

other villages?other villages?

Answer: They found obsidian, seashells and Answer: They found obsidian, seashells and other materials brought to Jarmo by traders.other materials brought to Jarmo by traders.

Lesson 1 VocabLesson 1 Vocab Drought-A long period of time with little or no rain.Drought-A long period of time with little or no rain. Domesticate- to tame plants or animals for human Domesticate- to tame plants or animals for human

use.use. Livestock-domesticated animals that provide Livestock-domesticated animals that provide

resources.resources. Agriculture-the knowledge of raising plants and Agriculture-the knowledge of raising plants and

animals.animals. Slash-and-Burn Farming- a system of farming in Slash-and-Burn Farming- a system of farming in

which thick forestlands are cut and burned to prepare which thick forestlands are cut and burned to prepare the soil for planting.the soil for planting.

Surplus- an extra supply.Surplus- an extra supply.

Lesson 2 VocabLesson 2 Vocab

Subsist- To surviveSubsist- To survive Terrace- flat areas built on the slopes of hills Terrace- flat areas built on the slopes of hills

and mountains.and mountains. Plow- a tool used to cut, lift and turn over soil.Plow- a tool used to cut, lift and turn over soil. Irrigation-ways to move water to land.Irrigation-ways to move water to land. Barter-to trade for things people want.Barter-to trade for things people want. Pastoral society-a group of people living as Pastoral society-a group of people living as

nomads with herds of animals.nomads with herds of animals.

Lesson 3 VocabLesson 3 Vocab Division of labor- a system in which people do different jobs Division of labor- a system in which people do different jobs

according to their abilities and the needs of the group.according to their abilities and the needs of the group. Merchant- a person who sells goods bought from traders.Merchant- a person who sells goods bought from traders. Social class-a group that has a specific level of importance in a Social class-a group that has a specific level of importance in a

society.society. Government- an organized system of leaders and laws.Government- an organized system of leaders and laws. Urban- relating to a city or cities.Urban- relating to a city or cities. Taxation- a system in which people pay taxes to support a Taxation- a system in which people pay taxes to support a

government.government. Civilization- a society with developed forms of religion and Civilization- a society with developed forms of religion and

ways of governing.ways of governing.

Building CommunitiesBuilding Communities

Success at farming or trading allowed villages to Success at farming or trading allowed villages to grow into towns such as Jericho.grow into towns such as Jericho.

Around 7000 B.C., the village of Jericho grew Around 7000 B.C., the village of Jericho grew into one of the earliest towns. It was a great into one of the earliest towns. It was a great place to live. Crops grew well in the fertile place to live. Crops grew well in the fertile soil, farmers grew barley and wheat and raised soil, farmers grew barley and wheat and raised sheep and goats There was a surplus of crops.sheep and goats There was a surplus of crops.

By 6500 B.C., Jericho became an important trading By 6500 B.C., Jericho became an important trading town with 2000-3000 people! There was water and a town with 2000-3000 people! There was water and a place to rest for travelers crossing the desert. Beehive place to rest for travelers crossing the desert. Beehive shaped houses covered 10 acres of land there.shaped houses covered 10 acres of land there.

A wall was built around Jericho to defend it from A wall was built around Jericho to defend it from enemies and wild animals. Guards stood watch and a enemies and wild animals. Guards stood watch and a moat was dug out around the wall.moat was dug out around the wall.

The dead were buried, sometimes under their homes, The dead were buried, sometimes under their homes, with a great amount of respect. Religious beliefs with a great amount of respect. Religious beliefs were important.were important.

Around 6000 B.C., the settlement of Jericho was Around 6000 B.C., the settlement of Jericho was abandoned. No one knows why. abandoned. No one knows why.

?Question??Question?

What allowed many early villages to grow into What allowed many early villages to grow into towns?towns?

AnswerAnswer

Success at farming or trading allowed early Success at farming or trading allowed early villages to grow into towns. villages to grow into towns.

Catal HuyukCatal Huyuk

Catal Huyuk was near a good supply of water in and Catal Huyuk was near a good supply of water in and area with good soil for crops. It was near important area with good soil for crops. It was near important trade routes with allowed people to exchange good trade routes with allowed people to exchange good with people from far away. By 6500 B.C., it’s control with people from far away. By 6500 B.C., it’s control of Obsidian trade made it a success! of Obsidian trade made it a success!

Catal Huyuk also respected its dead, burying them Catal Huyuk also respected its dead, burying them with sculptures, jewelry and weapons. They also built with sculptures, jewelry and weapons. They also built many shrines.many shrines.

Homes were small and had separate rooms for Homes were small and had separate rooms for cooking, sleeping, worshipping, etc. cooking, sleeping, worshipping, etc.

Catal Huyuk made the first linen weaving the flax Catal Huyuk made the first linen weaving the flax plant’s fiber into cloth for making clothing.plant’s fiber into cloth for making clothing.

No outside walls were built around the community. No outside walls were built around the community. Instead, the walls of the houses formed the defenses Instead, the walls of the houses formed the defenses of the town. Houses could only be entered from the of the town. Houses could only be entered from the roofs (like later day Adobes). When ganger struck, roofs (like later day Adobes). When ganger struck, people pulled up their ladders and stayed inside for people pulled up their ladders and stayed inside for protection.protection.

Towns grew all over and people exchanged more and Towns grew all over and people exchanged more and more goods, changing their lives forever.more goods, changing their lives forever.

?Question??Question?

What artifacts have archaeologist found in What artifacts have archaeologist found in graves at Catal Huyuk?graves at Catal Huyuk?

AnswerAnswer

Sculptures, jewelry and weapons have been Sculptures, jewelry and weapons have been found in graves at Catal Huyuk.found in graves at Catal Huyuk.

Labor, Leaders and LawsLabor, Leaders and Laws

Larger communities enabled jobs other than Larger communities enabled jobs other than farming to exist. A division of labor farming to exist. A division of labor developed as people began to work according developed as people began to work according to their abilities. Some people:to their abilities. Some people:

Grew cropsGrew crops Made tools/clothingMade tools/clothing Became merchants who bought/sold goodsBecame merchants who bought/sold goods

Leaders of TownsLeaders of Towns Because of different levels of responsibility, society Because of different levels of responsibility, society

became divided into Social Classes.became divided into Social Classes. Highest Class was made up of rulers, priests, and Highest Class was made up of rulers, priests, and

other important leaders and their families.other important leaders and their families. These members ruled in towns and passed their These members ruled in towns and passed their

positions on to their chosen family members, keeping positions on to their chosen family members, keeping the power in the family.the power in the family.

Leaders had to control more people, larger food Leaders had to control more people, larger food supplies and wider trade than leaders of villages did.supplies and wider trade than leaders of villages did.

Leaders created many unwritten laws townspeople Leaders created many unwritten laws townspeople had to live by. This was the start of GOVERNMENT had to live by. This was the start of GOVERNMENT (organized system of leaders and laws).(organized system of leaders and laws).

?Question??Question?

What social divisions developed among people What social divisions developed among people of early towns?of early towns?

AnswerAnswer

A division of labor and social classes A division of labor and social classes developed among people of early towns.developed among people of early towns.

Cities and Civilizations:Cities and Civilizations:

Around 3500 B.C., some towns in SW Asia Around 3500 B.C., some towns in SW Asia developed into cities. Early cities had 5000 developed into cities. Early cities had 5000 people or more living in them. People lived people or more living in them. People lived closer together in cities than they did in towns.closer together in cities than they did in towns.

Longer walls had to be built for defenseLonger walls had to be built for defense Leaders had to maintain water supplies and Leaders had to maintain water supplies and

nearby irrigation systems.nearby irrigation systems. Leaders supervised the construction of Leaders supervised the construction of

temples, palaces and other buildings.temples, palaces and other buildings.

In cities, people learned to do even more In cities, people learned to do even more specialized jobs: merchants, craftworkers, specialized jobs: merchants, craftworkers, traders, city government officials who helped traders, city government officials who helped manage the city.manage the city.

The management of cities led to TAXATION.The management of cities led to TAXATION. Many paid their taxes while working on Many paid their taxes while working on

government projects while others paid their government projects while others paid their taxes with crops. The city used the crops to taxes with crops. The city used the crops to pay city officials and to trade for other goods pay city officials and to trade for other goods and materials.and materials.

First CitiesFirst Cities FIRST CITIES: Eridu, Kish, Ur, Uruk (southeast Asia) along FIRST CITIES: Eridu, Kish, Ur, Uruk (southeast Asia) along

the Mesopotamia.the Mesopotamia. Around 3100 B.C., cities in Mesopotamia gave rise to the Around 3100 B.C., cities in Mesopotamia gave rise to the

world’s first civilizations.world’s first civilizations. Early Civilizations covered larger areas, had better organized Early Civilizations covered larger areas, had better organized

societies and economies and constructed larger buildings and societies and economies and constructed larger buildings and temples.temples.

A central government was usually in control.A central government was usually in control. Advances were made in science, mathematics and Advances were made in science, mathematics and

transportation.transportation. They developed a form of writing, record keeping, trade and They developed a form of writing, record keeping, trade and

taxes. taxes. Religions began.Religions began.

? Question?? Question?

What were some of the responsibilities of What were some of the responsibilities of government in early civilizations?government in early civilizations?

AnswerAnswer

Some of the responsibilities of government in Some of the responsibilities of government in early civilizations included:early civilizations included:

taxation taxation organization organization societysociety economy economy constructionconstruction religionreligion

Turn to your partner and discuss:Turn to your partner and discuss:

1. How did early cities begin?1. How did early cities begin? 2. What does Urban mean and describe what 2. What does Urban mean and describe what

Urban life was like.Urban life was like. 3. Where did the earliest cities develop?3. Where did the earliest cities develop? 4. How were early cities different from early 4. How were early cities different from early

towns?towns? 5. Why did a system of taxation come about in 5. Why did a system of taxation come about in

early cities?early cities? 6. What caused social classes to develop?6. What caused social classes to develop?

1. How did early cities begin?1. How did early cities begin?

1. Cities developed from towns1. Cities developed from towns..

2. What does Urban mean and 2. What does Urban mean and describe what Urban life was like.describe what Urban life was like.

Urban means relating to a city or cities.Urban means relating to a city or cities. People lived closer together in heavily People lived closer together in heavily

populated Urban areas.populated Urban areas.

3. Where did the earliest cities 3. Where did the earliest cities develop?develop?

The earliest cities developed in Mesopotamia.The earliest cities developed in Mesopotamia.

4. How were early cities different 4. How were early cities different from early towns?from early towns?

Cities had urban areas, a highly organized Cities had urban areas, a highly organized government, more specialized jobs and government, more specialized jobs and taxation.taxation.

5. Why did a system of taxation 5. Why did a system of taxation come about in early cities?come about in early cities?

A system of taxation came about to support the A system of taxation came about to support the governments’ management of cities.governments’ management of cities.

6. What caused social classes to 6. What caused social classes to develop?develop?

Social classes developed when a need for Social classes developed when a need for division of labor came about.division of labor came about.

Vocab Review 1Vocab Review 1 ____ ____ 1, A long period of time with little or no rain.1, A long period of time with little or no rain. A. LivestockA. Livestock ____ 2. to tame plants or animals for human use. ____ 2. to tame plants or animals for human use. B. SurplusB. Surplus ____ ____ 3. domesticated animals that provide resources.3. domesticated animals that provide resources. C. DomesticateC. Domesticate ____ 4. the knowledge of raising plants and animals. ____ 4. the knowledge of raising plants and animals. D. DroughtD. Drought________ ____5. ____5. a system of farming in which thick forestlandsa system of farming in which thick forestlands E. AgricultureE. Agriculture

are cut and burned to prepare the soil for plantingare cut and burned to prepare the soil for planting F. SlashF. Slash ____6. an extra supply.____6. an extra supply. And BurnAnd Burn

Vocab Review 2Vocab Review 2 _________To survive_________To survive _________flat areas built on the slopes of hills and mountains._________flat areas built on the slopes of hills and mountains. _________a tool used to cut, lift and turn over soil._________a tool used to cut, lift and turn over soil. _________ways to move water to land._________ways to move water to land. _________to trade for things people want._________to trade for things people want. _________A group of people living as nomads with herds of animals._________A group of people living as nomads with herds of animals.

A. BarterA. Barter B. PlowB. Plow C. Pastoral SocietyC. Pastoral Society D. IrrigationD. Irrigation E. TerraceE. Terrace F. SubsistF. Subsist

Vocab review 3Vocab review 3 _______________ a system in which people do different jobs according to their _______________ a system in which people do different jobs according to their

abilities and the needs of the group.abilities and the needs of the group. ____________a person who sells goods bought from traders.____________a person who sells goods bought from traders. ____________a group that has a specific level of importance in a society.____________a group that has a specific level of importance in a society. ____________an organized system of leaders and laws.____________an organized system of leaders and laws. ____________relating to a city or cities.____________relating to a city or cities. ____________ a system in which people pay taxes to support a government.____________ a system in which people pay taxes to support a government. ____________a society with developed forms of religion and ways of governing.____________a society with developed forms of religion and ways of governing.

A. GovernmentA. Government B. MerchantB. Merchant C. CivilizationC. Civilization D. UrbanD. Urban E. Division of LaborE. Division of Labor F. TaxationF. Taxation G. Social ClassG. Social Class

Which developed first?Which developed first?

Cities or Irrigation? ExplainCities or Irrigation? Explain

Irrigation developed first with terrace farming Irrigation developed first with terrace farming in the Yangshao village.in the Yangshao village.

About how long after people began About how long after people began to domesticate plants did people to domesticate plants did people

develop the plow?develop the plow?

10,000 years ago, people started domesticating 10,000 years ago, people started domesticating plants.plants.

About 6000 years ago people invented the About 6000 years ago people invented the plow.plow.

What changes after the Ice Age led What changes after the Ice Age led humans to begin farming?humans to begin farming?

Warmer temperatures, growing populations, Warmer temperatures, growing populations, animal extinction and droughts all led to the animal extinction and droughts all led to the need for farming.need for farming.

What were two animals that early What were two animals that early farmers in SW Asia kept?farmers in SW Asia kept?

Farmers in SW Asia started to domesticate Farmers in SW Asia started to domesticate Sheep and Goats!Sheep and Goats!

How did the Yangshao people change How did the Yangshao people change their land to make it better for their land to make it better for

farming?farming?

They formed terraces into the sides of hills and They formed terraces into the sides of hills and mountains.mountains.

What kinds of crops did the first What kinds of crops did the first farmers grow: farmers grow:

A. fruitsA. fruits B. grainsB. grains C. nutsC. nuts D. vegetablesD. vegetables

AnswerAnswer

B. Grains (barley, wheat and rye)B. Grains (barley, wheat and rye)

Which of the following is true about Which of the following is true about the people of Abu Hureyra and the people of Abu Hureyra and

Jericho?Jericho? A. they were fierce soldiers.A. they were fierce soldiers. B. they had a written languageB. they had a written language They learned to build dams.They learned to build dams. They domesticated plants and animals.They domesticated plants and animals.

Answer:Answer:

D. They domesticated plants and animals.D. They domesticated plants and animals.

Compare/Contrast Abu Hureyra Compare/Contrast Abu Hureyra and Jerichoand Jericho

Show What You Know:Show What You Know:

VILLAGESVILLAGES TOWNSTOWNS

CITIESCITIES CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONS

What did leaders do?What did leaders do?

___kept it in the family ____ assigned jobs___kept it in the family ____ assigned jobs ___ made unwritten laws ____ control people___ made unwritten laws ____ control people ___ grew crops___ grew crops ____control trade____control trade ___ controlled larger ____ started religion___ controlled larger ____ started religion food suppliesfood supplies

True or False?True or False? ____Priests were in the highest social class?____Priests were in the highest social class? ____Merchants sold goods they bought from____Merchants sold goods they bought from other traders.other traders. ____ Catal Huyuk had a moat around its town.____ Catal Huyuk had a moat around its town. ____ Stone plows came before stick plows.____ Stone plows came before stick plows. ____ Dogs were the first domesticated animal.____ Dogs were the first domesticated animal. ____ Extreme weather could have led to Ice ____ Extreme weather could have led to Ice Animals becoming extinct.Animals becoming extinct. ____ Archaeologists found limestone around Jarmo ____ Archaeologists found limestone around Jarmo that showed that trading existed.that showed that trading existed.

____ ____ Bandkeramik pottery was made of circles.Bandkeramik pottery was made of circles. ____ Tortoises helped make land flat for ____ Tortoises helped make land flat for

farming and protected villages from floods.farming and protected villages from floods.

____ Obsidian was used in tools, weapons & art.____ Obsidian was used in tools, weapons & art.

____ Cats and Frogs were caged &domesticated.____ Cats and Frogs were caged &domesticated.

____ No one knows why Jericho was abandoned.____ No one knows why Jericho was abandoned.

____ Division of Labor developed when people began____ Division of Labor developed when people began

to work according to their abilities.to work according to their abilities.

____ Ur was one of the first cities.____ Ur was one of the first cities.

____ The first cities were located in southern Asia.____ The first cities were located in southern Asia.