CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2EARLY CIVILIZATIONSEARLY CIVILIZATIONS

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Section I InformationSection I Information

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What is a Civilization?What is a Civilization? Definition: a society in an advanced state of Definition: a society in an advanced state of

social development social development 7 Categories that equal a civilization7 Categories that equal a civilization 1. 1. Land FormLand Form – Where do you survive? What is – Where do you survive? What is

the land like?the land like? 2. 2. Economics and TradeEconomics and Trade – How do you get new – How do you get new

things? Did they make their own money?things? Did they make their own money? 3. 3. Power and AuthorityPower and Authority – Who is in charge? – Who is in charge?

Who has authority under the leader?Who has authority under the leader? 4. 4. Social StructureSocial Structure – Who is on top and who’s – Who is on top and who’s

not? Who is most important in the society and not? Who is most important in the society and who is not important?who is not important?

5. 5. Science and TechnologyScience and Technology – What did they – What did they invent? How does it work? How did it change invent? How does it work? How did it change their society?their society?

6. 6. Record KeepingRecord Keeping – How did they write down – How did they write down records and history of society?records and history of society?

7. 7. Religion Religion – How do they worship? What are the – How do they worship? What are the main gods? Main religions?main gods? Main religions?

The Nile ValleyThe Nile Valley

Early inhabitants Early inhabitants called the Nile River called the Nile River Valley “Kemet” - Valley “Kemet” - Black landBlack land

Nile River – 4,160mi Nile River – 4,160mi (worlds largest river)(worlds largest river)– River floods without River floods without

noticenotice– Cataracts make Nile Cataracts make Nile

impossible to travel impossible to travel onon

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United EgyptUnited Egypt Monarchies – small Monarchies – small

kingdoms ruled by kingdoms ruled by separate kingsseparate kings

Menes – 3000 B.C. Menes – 3000 B.C. conquered all of Egypt conquered all of Egypt and ruled Memphisand ruled Memphis– Set up the first dynastySet up the first dynasty

Historians organize Historians organize Egyptian dynasties Egyptian dynasties into 3 kingdomsinto 3 kingdoms– Old Kingdom, Middle Old Kingdom, Middle

Kingdom, New KingdomKingdom, New Kingdom

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Old Kingdom Old Kingdom (2700 B.C. – 2200B.C.)(2700 B.C. – 2200B.C.)

Egyptian people regarded Egyptian people regarded their king as a descendent their king as a descendent of the godsof the gods

TheocracyTheocracy – Leader is the – Leader is the political and religious political and religious leaderleader

BureaucracyBureaucracy – king – king delegated responsibilities delegated responsibilities of the state to these peopleof the state to these people

Built dams, canals and silos Built dams, canals and silos Also built the 3 pyramids of Also built the 3 pyramids of

GizaGiza Believed kings watched Believed kings watched

over the kingdom after over the kingdom after their deaththeir death

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Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom (2200 B.C. – 1800 B.C.)(2200 B.C. – 1800 B.C.)

Kings in Memphis lost Kings in Memphis lost power: chaos and violence power: chaos and violence pursuedpursued

2050B.C. – new dynasty 2050B.C. – new dynasty erupted in Thebes (lower erupted in Thebes (lower Egypt)Egypt)

Accomplishments:Accomplishments:– Gained more land by Gained more land by

invading Syriainvading Syria– Built a canal between Nile Built a canal between Nile

and Red Sea for tradeand Red Sea for trade 1700 B.C. Hyksos invaded 1700 B.C. Hyksos invaded

Egypt with bronze weapons Egypt with bronze weapons and chariots – no match and chariots – no match against stoneagainst stone

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The New KingdomThe New Kingdom(1600 B.C. – 945 B.C.)(1600 B.C. – 945 B.C.)

Ahmose – Egyptian prince raised an army and Ahmose – Egyptian prince raised an army and drove out the Hyksosdrove out the Hyksos

Pharaoh – “great house of the king”Pharaoh – “great house of the king” Queen Hatshepsut – took over as pharaoh because Queen Hatshepsut – took over as pharaoh because

her son, Thutmose III was only four at the timeher son, Thutmose III was only four at the time– Became first women to be pharaoh Became first women to be pharaoh – Built many tombs and temples throughout EgyptBuilt many tombs and temples throughout Egypt

Thutmose III – killed mother and took over EgyptThutmose III – killed mother and took over Egypt– Conquered Syria and combined culturesConquered Syria and combined cultures

Amenhotep (Akhenaton)- (1370) wanted to end Amenhotep (Akhenaton)- (1370) wanted to end polytheism – belief in many godspolytheism – belief in many gods– Wanted people to only believe in the sun god – AtonWanted people to only believe in the sun god – Aton– Moved capital from Thebes to a new city dedicated to AtonMoved capital from Thebes to a new city dedicated to Aton

Queen Hatshepsut – Queen Hatshepsut – Amhenhotep Amhenhotep

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TutankhamenTutankhamen – Took over next - moved – Took over next - moved the capital back to Thebes the capital back to Thebes – Died very young of a fractured leg (new Died very young of a fractured leg (new

theory)theory) Ramses IIRamses II – wanted to return the prestige – wanted to return the prestige

back to Egypt – ruled for 67 years!back to Egypt – ruled for 67 years!– At the battle of Kadesh in 1285 B.C. Egypt and At the battle of Kadesh in 1285 B.C. Egypt and

long time rival Hittites agreed to a treatylong time rival Hittites agreed to a treaty– Agreed to help each other if one of them gets Agreed to help each other if one of them gets

invadedinvaded– After Ramses II died, Egypt was invaded by After Ramses II died, Egypt was invaded by

Mediterranian invadersMediterranian invaders– Kushites, Libyans and others ruled Egypt for Kushites, Libyans and others ruled Egypt for

the next couple hundred yearsthe next couple hundred years

Tutankhamen Ramses Tutankhamen Ramses IIII

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Egypt Egypt Seven Categories Civilization Seven Categories Civilization

ChartChart Time: 2685 B.C. – 30 B.C.Time: 2685 B.C. – 30 B.C. Location: North East AfricaLocation: North East Africa Major Cities: Memphis, ThebesMajor Cities: Memphis, Thebes Land FormsLand Forms

– Fertile land along Nile RiverFertile land along Nile River– Nile River flows north 4,000 milesNile River flows north 4,000 miles– Predictable flooding—creates rich soilPredictable flooding—creates rich soil– Flood– plant– harvest- flood- plant- harvestFlood– plant– harvest- flood- plant- harvest

Economics/TradeEconomics/Trade– Traded with Mesopotamia and up and down Traded with Mesopotamia and up and down

the Nilethe Nile– Developed vast cultureDeveloped vast culture

Power and AuthorityPower and Authority– Pharaohs-leaders who were thought of as godsPharaohs-leaders who were thought of as gods– Theocracy ruler is divine figureTheocracy ruler is divine figure– Responsible for everything that went on—rain, sun, flood, Responsible for everything that went on—rain, sun, flood,

harvestharvest Social StructureSocial Structure

1. pharaohs, queen, royal family1. pharaohs, queen, royal family2. merchants, artisans, scribes2. merchants, artisans, scribes3. peasants, farmers3. peasants, farmers4. slaves (later on)4. slaves (later on)

- - Women could own & trade property and seek Women could own & trade property and seek divorcedivorce

-- People weren't held to position, could earn People weren't held to position, could earn status if status if they could read and write/slaves, loyal they could read and write/slaves, loyal servantsservants

Science TechnologyScience Technology– Developed a calendar 365 days, 12 months, 30 days eachDeveloped a calendar 365 days, 12 months, 30 days each– Developed medicine and performed surgeriesDeveloped medicine and performed surgeries– Developed mathematical knowledge in adding and Developed mathematical knowledge in adding and

subtracting subtracting

Record KeepingRecord Keeping– Hieroglyphics—Hieroglyphics—

carved pictures into carved pictures into wall wall --man, in time, --man, in time, owl (owl (m-sound)m-sound)

– Rosetta stone—Rosetta stone—written Greek and written Greek and in hieroglyphicsin hieroglyphics

ReligionReligion– Polytheistic—Polytheistic—

believed in 2000 believed in 2000 godsgods

– Egyptians believed Egyptians believed in afterlife—enjoyed in afterlife—enjoyed by non-sinnersby non-sinners

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