Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization · PDF fileChapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell...

SULIT 4551/2

Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization 2013

Module Biology Trial Collection

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2.1 Cell Structure And Function

Trial SBP 2010

(a) State what is a cell?

The basic units of life / living organism

(b)Labeled the diagram/name the structure Trial Selangor 2010

Cell A Cell B

(c) Name the type of cell

Cell A: Animal cell

Cell B: Plant cell

(d) State two reason for you answer

Cell A

R1-Presence of centriole

R2-do not has chloroplasts

Cell B

R1 - Presence of cell wall

R1 - Presence of large vacuole

No Marking scheme Marks

(a) Compare and contrast the structure of an animal cell and plant cell. Give your answer by drawing a labeled diagram of an animal cell and a plant cell

D-1m L-1m(plant cell -cell wall nucleus cell membrane, chloroplast and vacuole)

(animal cell –nucleus , cytoplasm ,cell membrane)

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Nucleus Ribosome

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasm

Lysosome Centriole

Vacoule

Cytoplasm Cell Wall

Chloroplast

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Plasma membrane

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Similarities:

Both cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum

Differences:

Animal cell Plant cell

Has no fixed shape Has a fixed shape

Does not have a cell wall Has a cellulose cell wall

Does not have chloroplast Has many chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll

Usually has many small vacuoles Usually has one large vacuole

Contain glycogen granules Contain starch granules

Has centriole Does not have centriole

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Cellular Component Function& Question (marking scheme)

Plasma membrane Function:

Regulates the movement of substances entering and leaving the cell

Question :

(a) What are the cell wall and the plasma membrane made of

P1-Plasma membrane made up of protein and phospholipids

P2-Cell wall made up of cellulose

(b) What are the special feature /characteristic of cell wall and plasma membrane

P1-Plasma membrane is semi-permeable membrane

P2-cell wall is premable to all substances

Cytoplasm

Function:

Acts as a medium where biochemical reactions and most living process

occurs within the cell

Cell Wall

Trial Pahang 2011

Function :

Maintain the shape of plant cell //provides mechanical strength and support

to plant cells //protect plant cell from rupturing

Question:

(a) How does structure (cell wall) help to maintain the shape of the plant cell?

P1-it composed of cellulose

(b) Explain how the compound in Cell wall help it to carry out its function

P1-Cellulose fibre is tough /rigid

P2-Enable cell wall to provide mechanical strength

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Cellular component Function And Question (Marking Scheme)

Vacuole

Function :

Contributes to plant elongation by absorbing water cause cell to expand

Question :

(a) Structure T (vacuole) and how it is involved to maintain the turgidity of the

plant cell

P1-T is made up of tonoplast //has cell sap

P2-to maintain the osmotic concentration /pressure of the cell sap

P3-If the cell is flaccid /cell sap has high osmotic concentration /pressure,

more water diffuses into the cell by osmosis

P4-if the cell has excess water /cell sap has low osmotic concentration

/pressure

[4marks]

(b) Explain the role of vacuole in maintain the cell turgidity(SPM 2006)

P1-Maintain the osmotic concentration of the cell sap

P2-water enter the cell by osmosis if the cell is flaccid

[2marks]

(c) Describe what will happen to the vacuole when plant is immersed in water

P1-Vacoule filled with the water and expand

P2-The pressure of the water in the vacuole pushes the cytoplasm and

presses it against the plasma membrane and the cell wall

Nucleus

Function:

P1-control all cellular activity

P2-carries genetic information/genes

Question :

(a) If structure R (nucleus) is removed from a cell .Explain what would happen to the growth of the cell(trial perlis2010)

P1-the cell does not divide/differentiate

P2-because there are no genes (that control mitosis/differentiation)

(b) State the main content of nucleus

Nucleolus /chromosomes

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Cellular Component Function & Question (Marking Scheme)

Mitochondria

Trial Perlis 2011

Function:

Sites of cellular respiration // to generate/produce energy

Question:

(a) State the process occur in mitochondria ,how does it carry out the process/Explain the process occur in this organelle

P1-Cellular Respiration

P2-it oxidized the glucose to released/produce energy

(b) If the cell is actively involved in transporting ions and molecules, predict which organelle that can be found abundantly

Mitochondria

(c) Explain the important of the function of organelle R(Mitochondria)

P1-Cary out the cellular respiration

P2-to produce the energy necessary for the cell activities such as

movement and contraction

(d) Explain the function of organelle P in the plant

P1: site of cellular respiration

P2: to produce energy

P3: (energy is needed )for photosynthesis/growth/transport of organic substances

Ribosome

Function:

Sites of synthesis protein

Question:

(a) Name structure X

Ribosome

Endoplasmic reticulum

(a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Function: Site of protein synthesis/transporting protein

(b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Function: Synthesizes lipids (phospholipids &steroid)

Question:

(a) State the different between Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The outer surface of rough ER is covered with ribosome while the smooth

ER does not have ribosome

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(b) What will happen if the cell does not have structure T(endoplasmic Reticulum)

The cell will able to transport the substances synthesized in the cell

Lysosomes

SPM 2010

Function :

Digest/break down complex organic molecule

Question:

(a) Explain how lysosomes helps in eliminating damaged organelles in cells

P1-Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzyme/Lysozymes which will digest/hydrolyzed damaged organelle

P2-Absorb the useful nutrient and eliminate the waste

Golgi apparatus

Trial Perlis2011

Trial Perak 2009

Trial Selangor 2010

State a process that occur in Golgi apparatus

Modify protein //packing protein//transport protein

Question:

(a) Explain the role of P(Golgi apparatus) and R (nucleus) in transportation of extracellular enzyme

P1-the nucleus/RNA instructs ribosome to synthesized protein

P2-the synthesized protein is transported in the rough endoplasmic

reticulum/Q

P3-to the transport vesicles

P4-then the Golgi apparatus/P packages/ modifies/ sorts/transports the

synthesized proteins

P5-to the secretory vesicles to be transported

P6-out of the cell through the plasma membrane ANY 4

[4marks]

(b) Explain why Golgi apparatus is found abundance in the cell of root

cap

To manufacture a type of polysaccharide that lubricate the root tip to aid

The penetration of root between soil particle

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(c) Explain the effect of production of extracellular enzyme if structure Y malfunction

F:the production of extracellular enzyme disrupt

E1-protien cannot be modified

E2-protien cannot be sort

E3- extracellular enzyme cannot be transport

(d)Give an example of a substances released from this organelle

Amylase/any digestive enzyme

Chloroplast

Trial Pahang 2011

Trial Kedah 2008

Organelle Q

Funtion :

Absorb light energy

Question :

(a) Explain the important of the function of organelle Q

P1-To carry out photosynthesis

P2-The cell are able to manufacture food which can be used by the plant

(b) Name structure Q

Grana

(c) What cell contain abundantly in this organelle

Palisade mesophyll cell

(d) Explain how chloroplasts is adapted for making of food

P1-choloroplast contain chlorophyll

P2-for absorption light energy for photosynthesis

(e) Explain the process occur in P and Q

P: P1-P is stroma

P2-Dark reaction takes place in the stroma

P3-Carbon dioxide is fixed and then reduced to form glucose

Q: P1-Q is granum

P2-Light reaction takes place in the granum

P3-Granum trapped light energy to break down water molecule into

hydrogen ion and Hydroxyl ion

P

Q

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(f) Explain two different between the process occur in mitochondria and chloroplast

P1-Process in chloroplast absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen

P2-Process in mitochondria absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide

P3-Process in chloroplast use energy to synthesis glucose

P4-Process in mitochondria break down glucose to produce energy

The density of organelle in specific cell JUJ 2008 Trial Malacca 2011


(a) Explain why the mitochondria are found abundantly in muscle tissue X (cardiac muscle)

E1-Cardiac muscle requires energy to contract and relax

E2-mitochondria release energy (through cell respiration)

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(b) Explain why meristematic cells have more organelle S (mitochondria) compared to cheek cells

P1-S(mitochondria):it generates energy

P2-Meristematic cells require energy to undergoes mitosis/ cell division

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(c) Explain why organelle B (Golgi apparatus) presents in large number in the pancreas

P1-Function of pancreas to secretes hormones and enzyme

P2-More Golgi apparatus to synthesize more hormones and enzyme

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(d)

Name one organelle and explain why the organelle can be found abundantly in specific cell below

Sperm Cell

Organelle –mitochondria

F1-to provide energy to swim toward the ovum ( for fertilization)

Mesophyll palisade cell

Organelle-chloroplast

F1-contain chlorophyll to absorb energy from sunlight for photosynthesis

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(e) Predict what will happen if the organelle(mitochondria) is not found in the sperm

P1- no energy synthesized

P2-sperm cannot swim toward the ovum and no fertilization occur

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The density of certain organelle is related to the function of specific cells

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2.2 Cell organization

Unicellular organism

Organism X


(a) Name organism X

Amoeba

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(b) Name the structure P, Q and R

State the function of the part you label

P: Removes excess water which enter the cell by osmosis (osmoregulation)

Q: Contain genetic information

R: For movement

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(c) Amoeba sp moves by extending pseudopodium or false feet, name the other process other than this.

Feeding (Phagocytosis)

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(d) Exchange of gases occurs through the plasma membrane, Name the process

Simple diffusion

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(e) Name two process involved the growth of organism

P1-Binary fission

P2-Forming spores

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(f) Explain the process of phagocytosis

P1- Amoeba sp.approaches the food particles

P2-two pseudopodia extends out and enclosed the food particles

P3-The food particles are packed in a food vacuole, which fuses with lysosomes

P4-the food particles are digested by the lysozyme ,the resulting nutrient are diffuses into cytoplasm

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R: Pseudopodium

Q: nucleus

P:Contractile Vacuole

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(g) Explain how contractile vacuole maintains the osmotic pressure in Amoeba sp.

P1-Fresh water is hypotonic to the cytoplasmic fluid of Amoeba sp.

P2-Water diffuses in to the cell and fills the contractile by osmosis

P3-when the contractile vacuole is filled with water to its maximum size, it contracts to expel its Content from time to time

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(h) Diagram shows the asexual reproduction carried out by Amoeba sp . Trial Johor 2011

Describe the process shown in diagram [4marks]

P1-The process is binary fission

P2-when Amoeba ap. has grown to certain size

P3-the nucleus divide by mitosis

P4-then the cytoplasm divides//cytokines is occurs

P5-Form 2 genetically identical Amoeba sp. ANY 4

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(i)

Explain the living process that enables Amoeba sp to survive in fresh water which is hypotonic to the cytoplasmic fluid of Amoeba sp

P1-the living process is osmoregulation

P2-Osmoregulation is in Amoeba sp. involved contractile vacuole

P3-fesh water is hypotonic to amoeba sp

P4-water diffuses into Amoeba sp. by osmosis

P5-Water fills the contractile vacuole to its maximum size

P6-contractile vacuole contract

P7-Expel the water out of the Amoeba sp.

P8-Thus, Amoeba sp. does not burst

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Amoeba is a unicellular organism which lives in fresh water environment. Although Amoeba sp is made up of only a single cell, it can perform all living processes

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Organism Y


(a) Name organism Y

Paramecium sp.

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(b) Describe how the paramecium uses cilla to move and to gather food

P1-the beating of cilia toward the anterior and posterior ends

P2-to helps paramecium to move and rotating along its axis

P3-The beating of cilia along mouth-like opening

P4-draw water and suspended food particles into the cytostome

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(c) Explain how the size of the paramecium influences the rate contraction of the contractile vacuole

P1-When the paramecium is small, the total surface area per volume of cell is larger

P2-this enable water to be absorbed into the cell at a faster rate

P3-the higher rate of contraction of the contractile vacuole enables the cell to expel any excess water that has entered the cell at a faster rate

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(d) Explain why the paramecium always has excess water in its cell

P1-Because the paramecium lives fresh in water

P2-water constantly enters the cell via osmosis form the surrounding hypotonic environment

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(e) State the characteristic between Amoeba and paramecium

P1-Presence of cilia

P2-Respiration through simple diffusion

P3-controlling osmoregulation by contractile vacuole

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(f) State two differences in characteristic of paramecium and spirogyra

P1-Paramecium is a unicellular organism while spirogyra is a multicellular organism

P2- Paramecium does not undergoes cell specialization and cell organization while spirogyra

Undergoes these process

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(g) Name two process involved the growth of organism

P1- Binary fission

P2-Conjungation

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(h) Explain briefly one example you state

Binary fission involving in two nucleus divide, cytoplasm split to produce 2 daughters

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(g)


(a) Explain how gaseous exchange process occur in this diagram

P1- (the gaseous exchange process occurs over the whole body surface in an Amoeba sp) through simple diffusion

P2-Higher concentration of oxygen in the water surrounding cause oxygen to diffuse into the amoeba

P3-Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the cell cause carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the Amoeba ANY 2

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(b) Explain the process of phagocytosis

P1-the phagocyte such as neutrophill approaches the pathogen that enter the body

P2-The phagocyte surrounds it by using its pseudopodium

P3-after that, the phagocyte engulfs the bacteria and ingests it by forming a vacuole

P4-enzyme is secreted into the vacuole to digest it and destroy it

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Multicellular organism Trial Perak 2011

In human and animal

(a) What is tissue?

A group of same cells which have same structure and same function that perform a specific function

[1 marks]

(b) What is Organ?

(An organ consists of) a group of different tissues that (group together to) perform a specific function

[1 marks]

(c) Explain the process of cell specialization.

P1 : The process where cells change shape / structure and differentiate.

P2 : To carry out / perform specific function.

[2 marks]

(b) Complete the following table

Level Name

1 Cell

2 Tissue

3 Organ

4 Systems

5 Organism

*CTOSO

(c) Name the process X and Y

Process X : Differentiation

Process Y: Specialisation

[2 marks]

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Cellular component Question (Marking Scheme)

Trial Perak 2009

Times 2012

(a) Name cell P

Red blood cell

(b) State the function of cell P

Transport oxygen from the lungs to all part of body cells

(c) Explain one special characteristic of cell P which it to carry out the

function you stated in (b) efficiently

F1-have no nucleus

E1-so it have more space more to fill in by hemoglobin

OR

F2- have very thin plasma membrane

E2-So the gases exchange can take place faster

OR

F3-Contain haemoglobin /respiratory pigment

E3-can combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

[2marks]

(d) Explain the structural adaptation that found in red blood cell to enable to

carry out the transport of oxygen

P1-Biocancave shape

E1-increase the surface area

OR

P1-Elastic membrane

E2-Enable red blood cell to squeeze easily into the narrow blood capillaries

(d) Complete the following table

Reject : Transport system

Red Blood Cell Connective tissue Circulatory system

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Cellular component Question (Marking Scheme)

Times 2012

Sarawak 2008

(a) Name cell Q

Nerve Cell

(b) State the function of cell P

Transmission if nerve impulses(from CNS to effectors)

(c) Explain one role of cell R in the system named in (b)

F-control/coordinate activities of the body

E1-Detect stimuli

E2-Transmit electrical signal/nerve impulse

E3-to muscle/ gland / effectors

(d)

Reject : Nerve System

(a) Name cell Q

Muscle cell

(b) State the function of cell Q

contraction of Q cause the movement of substances

(c)

Reject : Muscle system

S

(a) Name cell S

Epithelial cell

(b) State the function of cell S

As a protective layer/excretion /heat regulation

(c)

Nerve cell Nerve tissue Nervous system

Muscle cell Muscle tissue Muscular system

Epithelial cell Epithelial tissue Digestive system

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(a) Explain why multicellular organism need cell organization as compared to unicellular organism

P1-Multicellaluar organism need more food ,oxygen and must get rid more waste products compare to unicellular organism

P2-Multicellular organism cannot depend on simple processes such osmosis,phagocytosis,binary fission

compare to unicellular organism

P3- so multicellular organism must have tissue, organs and system to enable it to carry out all function

effectively compare to unicellular organisms

P4-each tissue, organs and system can carry out the specific function in multicellular organism compare to unicellular organism

##Student must show the comparison to get the ,mark

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(b)

Sarawak 2008 Trial Sarawak 2009

Name two types of tissue in the skin

Epithelial tissue//connective tissue//muscular tissue//nerves tissue

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(c) State the function of each tissue named in(i)

i. Epithelial tissue

As a protective layer/excretion /heat regulation

ii. connective tissue

such as blood supplies, oxygen and nutrient

iii. muscle tissue

regulate body temperature

iv nerve tissue

Receive and send impulses from and to the central nervous system ANY 2

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Human skin is an organ ,it consists of various types of tissue

that perform specific function collectively

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In plant Trail Melaka 2009 Trial Melaka 2008

Times 2012 Trial Johor 2008 Trial kedah 2011

Diagram 1 shows a group of plant cells undergo specialization in the formation of leaf


(a) Label the structure P,Q, Rand S (times 2012)

P: xylem /xylem vessels

Q: Phloem/sieve tube

R: Spongy mesophyll cell/Mesophyll cell

S: Guard cell

M : Palisade mesophyll cell

N: upper epidermis

T :Lower epidermis

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Structure R and S are categorized as tissues. State reasons why R and S are classified as tissues. R: consist of xylem vessel, trachea, parenchyma and xylem fibre; more than one type of cell S: consist of cell companion cell, sieve tube, parenchyma phloem fibre; more than one type of cell.

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Structure Function& Question (Marking Scheme) Mark

Xylem

FORM 5

State the function of Xylem cell/tissue transports water and (dissolved) minerals ( from the root to the shoot // provide mechanical

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State structural feature of tissue P (xylem) which enable them to function efficiently

P1: P consists of the xylem vessel joined together end to end

P2-cell P does not have any cytoplasm

P3-the cell walls are thickened with lignin

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Explain adaptive feature of the cell in tissue D(xylem) in transportation of substances in plant

F-vessel Is long .hollow and continuously// no protoplasm in the vessels

E-to allow water flows continuously from root to the leaves// to obstruct the flow water

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Phloem

FORM 5

State the function of phloem transports organic food/glucose/ product of photosynthesis ( from the leaves to every parts of the plant )

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State structural feature of tissue P and R which enable them to function efficiently

P1-P consists of sieve tubes arranged end to end

P2- sieve tube have sieve plates to allow continuous flow of organic compo

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Explain adaptive feature of the cell in tissue D in transportation of substances in plant

F-Sieve tube is a cylindrical tube that contain cytoplasmic which are connected to other cell through sieve plate//companion cell has (nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondrion)

E-to carry glucose from the leaves to other of plant // give energy to sieve tube

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Upper epidermis

State the function of cell X (upper epidermis) Protect the inner tissue // allow light to penetrate.

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Guard cell

State the function of Cell Q (Guard cell) Control the size of stomata/transpiration/gaseous exchange //allow gaseous exchange through the stomata

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State the function for each cell Guard C : Controls the opening and closure of stomata

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Explain the role of cell Y in increasing the rate of photosynthesis.

P1- when the light intensity is high, the guard cells bend outwards

P2-this cause the stomata to open and allow more carbon dioxide to enter the leaf

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Root hairs Explain one characteristic of tissue X to facilitate water absorption from soil

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Trail Pahang 2011 Times 2012

Regulating the internal environment Trial Selangor 2010 FORM 5


What Is meant by

(i) Internal environment

P1-(physical and Chemical) condition within our body

P2-Extracellular fluid that surround our body cells

P3-Example are body temperature, blood glucose level, pH, blood osmotic potential and blood pressure

P1&any other P MAX 2

(ii)Homeostasis

P4-A process of maintaining internal environment/physical and chemical condition in our body at a constant value

P5-through corrective mechanism based on negative or positive feedback

P6-which revert the internal environment back to normal condition of there is a change

P4& any other P MAX 2

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F1-have large number

E1-to provide large surface area

F2-cells in tissue X is one cell thick

E2-to increase diffusion

E2-have a higher concentration of solutes than the water in surrounding soil

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Palisade mesophyll cell

State the function for each cell

Palisade contain chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis

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Leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of a plant

Explain the adaptation of tissue L to enable the leaf to carry out its function

P1-upright and closely packed

P2-contains large number of chloroplast

P3-All cell receive maximum amount of sunlight//absorb maximum amount of sunlight//energy

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization · PDF fileChapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell...

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