Chapter 2--Biology and Evolution -...

Full file at http://TestbankCollege.eu/Test-Bank-The-Essence-of-Anthropology-2nd-Edition-Havilan

Chapter 2--Biology and Evolution

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. How do anthropologists classify the Nez Perce story about Coyote and Wishpoosh? A. apocalyptic mythB. salvation mythC. children's mythD. creation myth

2. Evolution can be described as: A. an anti-Creationist account of the origin of lifeB. the foundation of culture in contemporary societyC. the major organizing principle of the biological sciencesD. the major organizing principle of the social sciences

3. Where are the Nez Perce located? A. eastern Oregon and IdahoB. Washington and western MontanaC. Tennessee and eastern KentuckyD. Massachusetts and New York

4. What is the difference between evolution and theories of evolution? A. evolution is a fact, but some people prefer to see it as theoryB. biologists accept evolution as a fact, but theories explain how it worksC. evolution explains all change and the theories explain contemporary changeD. there is no difference between these two

5. What of the primary difference between a creation myth and an evolutionary account? A. evolution explains diversity through scientific language using hypothesesB. evolution explains diversity through scientific language using lawsC. evolution can explain diversity and creation myths cannotD. creation myths and evolutionary accounts do not differ


6. Which scientist developed the Systema Naturae? A. AristotleB. Carl von LinnéC. Jean LamarckD. Charles Darwin

7. Which of the following best describes the "Great Chain of Being" approach? A. a creation myth discovered by the Greeks in the 1st century ADB. an early scientific description of the inanimate world based on formC. a classification of animate life-forms only, with humans at the very topD. a categorization of animate and inanimate forms based on observable similarities

8. The "Great Chain of Being" was first developed by: A. HerodotusB. AristotleC. GalileoD. Sophocles

9. What was unique about the "system of nature" classification when it was first proposed? A. Aristotle classified humans just below angelsB. von Linné classified humans just below angelsC. Linnaeus classified humans with other primatesD. Aristotle classified humans with other primates

10. A reproductively isolated population or group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring is a: A. genusB. categoryC. familyD. species

11. Homo describes a human ____. A. orderB. homologyC. genusD. species


12. Which of the following is not a criterion that Linneaus used to determine classification of species? A. sequence of bodily growthB. body functionC. prior classificationD. body structure

13. How would you best describe a genus? A. a group of like speciesB. a subdivision of speciesC. a sub-speciesD. archaic forms of species

14. Anatomical features that have evolved from a common ancestral feature are called: A. homologiesB. taxonomyC. morphologyD. adaptation

15. Animals with a generalized anatomy, relatively large brain, and grasping hands and feet are known as: A. chordatesB. mammalsC. vertebratesD. primates

16. Who proposed that animal populations remained stable over time because of the high proportion of animal offspring not surviving to maturity? A. Gregor MendelB. Charles DarwinC. Thomas MalthusD. Charles Lyell

17. Who was responsible for providing the principles of heredity? A. Gregor MendelB. Charles LyellC. Thomas MalthusD. Charles Darwin


18. Of those listed below, which is the widest (most broad) taxonomic category? A. familyB. orderC. phylumD. species

19. Invoking natural events, such as the Great Flood in the Book of Genesis, to account for species disappearance is an example of: A. exploitationB. system of natureC. Great Chain of BeingD. catastrophism

20. What kind of theory is "catastrophism"? A. 17th-century scientific theoryB. 18th-century scientific theoryC. 19th-century humanistic theoryD. 20th-century scientific theory

21. Charles Darwin was hired as a ____ on the H.M.S Beagle. A. botanistB. navigatorC. traveling companionD. medical doctor

22. Darwin's theory was known as the theory of: A. natural selectionB. natural variationC. animal evolutionD. circumnavigation

23. Today, Darwin's evolutionary theory is supported by data from all of the following except: A. population geneticsB. comprehensive understanding of heredityC. molecular geneticsD. proto-genetics


24. What was different (or unique) about Gregor Mendel's approach to gardening? A. he was a scientist and worked to create commercial plantsB. he took systematic notes and was able to identify patterns of heredityC. he bred garden plants to obtain higher yieldsD. he worked to breed garden plants in order to obtain better varieties

25. The principle that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations is called: A. natural selectionB. law of segregationC. law of heredityD. law of independent assortment

26. A portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that encodes a particular protein is known as a/an: A. geneB. alleleC. double helixD. chromosome

27. Most of the advances in heredity at the molecular level have occurred during what time period? A. latter part of the XXth centuryB. early part of the XXth centuryC. latter part of the XIXth centuryD. early part of the XIXth century

28. Mendel discovered that inheritance was particulate, not: A. blendedB. separatedC. moldedD. selected


29. The cellular structures that contain genetic information are called: A. allelesB. genesC. chromosomesD. heritable units

30. Geneticists believe that humans have approximately how many functioning genes? A. 1,062B. 25,000C. 15,000D. scientists have no idea how many genes humans have

31. Alleles are: A. the cell nucleusB. structures that carry specific proteinsC. alternate forms of a single geneD. pieces of DNA

32. Which of the following represents an existing base pair? A. guanine and adenineB. thymine and guanineC. guanine and cytosineD. cytosine and thymine

33. Cell division that involves exact replication of parent cells is called: A. mitosisB. mitochondriosisC. meiosisD. cloning

34. Sex cell division is called: A. independent assortmentB. segregationC. meiosisD. mitosis


35. If a young man has Type A blood, this is his ____. A. DNAB. genomeC. phenotypeD. genotype

36. During meiosis, genes are divided into: A. 2 new cellsB. 4 new cellsC. 6 new cellsD. 8 new cells

37. Can some physical traits be dominant, while others are recessive? A. only during a mutationB. sometimesC. noD. yes

38. All of the following are evolutionary forces except: A. genetic driftB. gene flowC. genetic cloningD. mutation

39. An example of polygenetic inheritance is: A. blood typeB. skin colorC. weightD. sex

40. Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population are evidences of: A. genetic driftB. gene flowC. mutationD. directional selection


41. What was the focus of Rayna Rapp's bio-cultural study? A. the phenomenon of aggression among non-human primatesB. the effect of genetic drift on rates of sickle-cell anemia transmissionC. the social impact of today's reproductive technologies, such as amniocentesisD. the genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees

42. Which of the following is not routinely associated with new reproductive technologies, such as genetic testing? A. a shift in cultural practices surrounding pregnancyB. potential to label disabled people as undesirableC. increased incidence of genetic assessmentsD. lowered incidence of pregnancy

43. Chimpanzees and humans share what percentage of DNA similarity? A. 90%B. 95%C. 97%D. 98%

44. The chimp's genome is estimated to be ____% larger than the human's. A. 50B. 75C. 10D. 25

45. Overall, what kind of force is mutation in evolution terms? A. negative forceB. positive forceC. neutral forceD. mutation cannot be evaluated in these terms

46. Trisomy 21 is also called: A. Down's syndromeB. sickle-cell anemiaC. albinismD. dwarfism


47. What variable force is most important to adaptation over time? A. founder's effectB. genetic driftC. random mutationD. gene flow

48. The average rate of mutation per million is: A. 100B. 20C. 1000D. 30

49. Founder's Effect is a type of: A. gene flowB. genetic driftC. natural selectionD. environmental selection

50. The main structural protein for skin, bones, and teeth is: A. thymineB. adenineC. collagenD. guanine

51. Interbreeding allows for A. gene flowB. genetic driftC. founder's effectD. guanine

52. What is the evolutionary force that has kept populations from developing into separate species? A. founder's effectB. mutationC. random genetic driftD. gene flow


53. Adaptation can best be described as: A. an inherited form of anemia caused by a mutationB. dominant characteristics in the gene poolC. a series of beneficial adjustments to the environmentD. the introduction of alleles from the gene pool of a non-native population

54. A painful disease in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells change into abnormal shapes is called: A. anemiaB. natural blood selectionC. Trisomy 21D. sickle-cell anemia

55. Sickle-cell anemia is found in highest frequencies in populations from: A. western AfricaB. central AricaC. southern AfricaD. Scandinavia

56. The allele for sickle-cell anemia is found primarily in areas where there are large populations of mosquitoes bearing: A. falciparum malariaB. parasitic dysenteryC. smallpoxD. yellow fever

57. Scientists have found that carrying sickle-cell anemia (meaning, one is heterozygous) protects the individual from: A. chicken poxB. malariaC. pneumoniaD. common cold


58. The continuous gradation over space in the form or frequency of a genetic trait is known as a/an: A. homozygoteB. polygeneC. clineD. adaptive trait

59. Why does a bulky body tend to conserve more heat than a slender one? A. it has less surface area relative to volumeB. it has more surface area relative to volumeC. it has more fat regulationD. it is more layered, with fat covering muscles

60. In humans, climatic adaptation involves: A. body buildB. body build and cultural adaptationC. dietD. none of these

61. Evolution is the central organizing principle of the biological sciences. True False

62. Historical processes can shape evolutionary theory. True False

63. The "system of nature" is an approach to classify all of animate and inanimate nature. True False

64. Genera are subdivisions of species. True False

65. Humans are hominids. True False


66. Even prior to Darwin's publication, many European naturalists accepted the idea that life had evolved. True False

67. Readings from a book by Sir Charles Lyell contributed to Darwin's creation of a theory of evolution. True False

68. Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1885. True False

69. Mendel published his findings in a respectable scientific journal, but no one understood their significance until after his death. True False

70. Mendel discovered that offspring inherit a blending of traits from mother and father. True False

71. Genes are particulate, meaning that they are separate structures. True False

72. The complete sequence of human DNA is called the genome. True False

73. Rice has more genes than humans. True False

74. If two body cells merge in meiosis, the result is a cell with 46 pairs of chromosomes. True False


75. In the search for disease cures, scientists often predict an individual's genotype. True False

76. The laws of chance tell us that two random sequences from species that have no ancestry in common will match at about one in every four sites. True False

77. The only source of new genetic material is random drift. True False

78. New mutations arise continuously. True False

79. Founder effects are a kind of genetic drift. True False

80. The existence of Homo sapiens as an interbreeding species is due to gene flow. True False

81. ____________________ is a major organizing principle of biological science. ________________________________________

82. A group of like species is a/an ____________________. ________________________________________

83. ____________________ are the smallest working units of biological classification systems. ________________________________________


84. The science of classification is called ____________________. ________________________________________

85. Breeding that combines distinct varieties of the same species over successive generations is known as ____________________. ________________________________________

86. Heritable variation constitutes the raw material of ____________________. ________________________________________

87. A sequence of chemical bases on a molecule of DNA constitutes a recipe for making ____________________. ________________________________________

88. James Watson and Francis ____________________ discovered the existence of DNA in 1953. ________________________________________

89. When a gene contains identical alleles it is referred to as ____________________. ________________________________________

90. An individual's composite physical characteristics are known as the ____________________. ________________________________________

91. When neither allele is dominant, it is referred to as ____________________. ________________________________________

92. The blood protein that carries oxygen is called ____________________. ________________________________________


93. The ultimate source of evolutionary change is ____________________. ________________________________________

94. When an existing population splits up into two, the kind of genetic drift that occurs is called ____________________. ________________________________________

95. ____________________ is responsible for all that humans share as well as the array of diversity in our world. ________________________________________

96. Adaptation is the outcome of ____________________. ________________________________________

97. Heterozygotes for sickle-cell anemia are protected against ____________________. ________________________________________

98. Anthropologists study biological diversity in terms of ____________________. ________________________________________

99. ____________________ is responsible for the creation of new species over time. ________________________________________

100. ____________________ provides the instruction for the thousands of proteins that keep us healthy every day. ________________________________________


101. By what criteria did Linnaeus establish his classificatory system?

102. Distinguish analogies from homologies.

103. Describe the theory of natural selection.

104. What were the problems that plagued Darwin's theory of natural selection throughout his career?


105. Describe Mendel's "law of segregation."

106. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype.

107. Choose one kind of evolutionary force and describe it.

108. What is adaptation and what is its role in natural selection?


109. What is sickle-cell anemia and how is it adaptive?

110. Describe some of the genetic variation that is most common to people native to colder regions of the world.

111. What are some factors that increase the frequency of gene flow?

112. What is evolution?


113. Creationism has changed shape over the past decade. Discuss some of the major disagreements between Creationism and evolution. Has your study of evolution in this chapter changed your understanding of this debate?

114. While human populations are subject to the same laws of natural selection as other species, humans also have extensive and elaborate culture. Choose and discuss two examples of cultural processes that complicate simple environmental adaptation.

115. Discuss the history of the concept of evolution. How did the development of this concept reflect the great changes occurring in science over the centuries?


116. Describe how each of the four evolutionary forces contributes to an organism's adaptation.


Chapter 2--Biology and Evolution Key

1. How do anthropologists classify the Nez Perce story about Coyote and Wishpoosh? A. apocalyptic mythB. salvation mythC. children's mythD. creation myth

2. Evolution can be described as: A. an anti-Creationist account of the origin of lifeB. the foundation of culture in contemporary societyC. the major organizing principle of the biological sciencesD. the major organizing principle of the social sciences

3. Where are the Nez Perce located? A. eastern Oregon and IdahoB. Washington and western MontanaC. Tennessee and eastern KentuckyD. Massachusetts and New York

4. What is the difference between evolution and theories of evolution? A. evolution is a fact, but some people prefer to see it as theoryB. biologists accept evolution as a fact, but theories explain how it worksC. evolution explains all change and the theories explain contemporary changeD. there is no difference between these two

5. What of the primary difference between a creation myth and an evolutionary account? A. evolution explains diversity through scientific language using hypothesesB. evolution explains diversity through scientific language using lawsC. evolution can explain diversity and creation myths cannotD. creation myths and evolutionary accounts do not differ