Chapter 2 Ancient Egypt Section 1: The Nile Valley.

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Chapter 2 Ancient Egypt Section 1: The Nile Valley

Transcript of Chapter 2 Ancient Egypt Section 1: The Nile Valley.

Page 1: Chapter 2 Ancient Egypt Section 1: The Nile Valley.

Chapter 2Ancient Egypt

Section 1:The Nile Valley

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Settling the Nile

• Between 6000 B.C. and 5000 B.C., hunters and gatherers moved into the green Nile River Valley from less fertile areas of Africa and Southwest Asia.

• These people are the earliest Egyptians.

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A Mighty River• Egypt was

warm & sunny, but received little rainfall.

• For water, the Egyptians had to rely on the Nile River.

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A Mighty River• The Nile is the world’s longest river,

flowing north from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.

• It is 4,000 miles long.

• Ships can only use the last 650 miles of the Nile because of the cataracts.

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A Mighty River

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A Sheltered Land• In Egypt, the Nile runs through

a narrow, green valley.

• When the Nile gets close to the Mediterranean Sea, it divides into different branches which makes up a delta.

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A Sheltered Land

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A Sheltered Land• On both sides of the Nile there are

deserts as far as the eye can see.

• On the west is the Sahara, the largest desert in the world.

• The ancients called the deserts the “Red Land” because of their burning heat.

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A Sheltered Land

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A Sheltered Land• Egypt’s geographic features

help protect them from invasions:–Deserts on both sides–Nile’s cataracts on the South–Nile’s delta marshes offered no harbors

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A Sheltered Land• Egypt rarely faced threats of invasion,

therefore, it was able to grow and prosper.

• They were isolated, but not entirely closed off.

• The Mediterranean & Red Sea allowed the Egyptians to trade with other people.

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A Sheltered Land• People used the Nile for trade

and transportation.

• Egyptians villages had frequent, friendly contact with one another, unlike the Mesopotamians.

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A Sheltered Land

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The River People – Regular Flooding

• Like the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians had to cope with floods.

• They did not have to worry about sudden overflows.

• In the spring each year, the Nile would spill over its banks.

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The River People – Regular Flooding

• When the waters went down, they left behind a layer of dark, fertile mud.

• Because of these deposits, the Egyptians called their land Kemet, “the Black Land.”

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

• The Egyptians took advantage of the Nile’s floods to become successful farmers.

• One reason for their success was their wide use of irrigation.

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

• The farmers dug basins in the earth to trap the floodwaters.

• Then they dug canals to carry water from the basins to the fields beyond the river’s reach.

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

• The Egyptians created a tool called a shadoof, a bucket attached to a long pole, to lift water from the Nile to the basins.

• Many Egyptian farmers still use this device today.

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

• Early Egyptians also further developed geometry to help with boundary markers that divided fields.

• Papyrus is a reed plant that grows along the shores of the Nile.

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

• At first they used papyrus to make baskets, sandals, and river rafts.

• Later, they used it for papermaking.

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How did the Egyptians use the Nile?

• The first step was to cut the stalks of the plant into narrow strips.

• Then they soaked the strips and pounded them flat.

• Left in the air to dry, the strips became stiff.

• They could then be joined to form a roll of paper.

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What Were Hieroglyphics?

• The Egyptians used their papyrus rolls for writing paper.

• They developed their own system of writing called hieroglyphics.

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What Were Hieroglyphics?

• Their hieroglyphics were made up of hundreds of picture symbols.

• Some symbols stood for ideas or objects.

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What Were Hieroglyphics?

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What Were Hieroglyphics?

• Scribes did carve hieroglyphics onto stone walls & monuments.

• For everyday purposes they invented a simpler script & wrote on papyrus.

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What Were Hieroglyphics?

• In ancient Egypt, few people could read & write.

• The men could go to special schools to study reading & writing & learn how to become scribes.

• Scribes kept records & worked for the rulers, priests & traders.

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A United Egypt

• Surpluses of food freed people to become artisans instead of farmers as in Mesopotamia.

• The wove cloth, made pottery, carved statues or shaped copper into weapons & tools.

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A United Egypt

• As more goods became available, Egyptians traded with other cultures.

• Here they may have picked up ideas about writing and government.

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The Rise of Government

• The advances in farming, craft & trade created a need for government.

• Disputes over land ownership had to be settled.

• The earliest rulers were village chiefs.

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The Rise of Government

• Over time, a few strong chiefs would unite groups of villages into small kingdoms.

• The strongest of these kingdoms eventually over-powered the weaker ones.

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The Rise of Government

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The Rise of Government

• By 4,000 B.C., Egypt was made up of two large kingdoms.

• In the Nile delta there was Lower Egypt.

• To the south, lay Upper Egypt.

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Egypt’s Ruling Families

• About 3100 B.C., the two kingdoms became one.

• Credit for this goes to Narmer, also known as Menes.

• As king of Upper Egypt, he led his armies north and took control of Lower Egypt.

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Egypt’s Ruling Families

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Egypt’s Ruling Families

• Narmer ruled from Memphis, a city that he built.

• His kingdom held together long after his death – family members passed the ruling power from father to son to grandson.

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Egypt’s Ruling Families

• Ancient Egypt would be ruled by 31 dynasties which lasted about 2,800 years.

• Historians group Egypt’s dynasties into 3 main time periods called kingdoms:– Old Kingdom – earliest period–Middle Kingdom – New Kingdom

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Early Egyptian Life

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Family Life

• Father was head of the family.

• Egyptian women had more rights than other females in other civilizations. – Could own property, buy & sell goods– Upper-class women were in charge of

temples and could perform religious ceremonies

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Family Life

• Few families sent their children to school.

• Mothers taught daughters to cook, sew and run a home.

• Boys learned trades from their fathers.

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Family Life