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Transcript of Chapter 2
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Chapter 2The Planting of English America, 1500–1733
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I. England’s Imperial Stirrings
• Initially hesitant to colonize overseas– Spain’s ally 1st half of the century.
• Protestant Reformation– King Henry VIII broke for the Catholic Church– Catholics v. Protestants – Protestant Elizabeth (1558) rose to the thrown– Conflicted with Spain. Why?
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II. Elizabeth Energizes England
• Goals: promote Protestantism and plunder by seizing Spanish treasure ships.
• Sir Francis Drake– Looted Spanish ships and property – Secretly knighted by Queen Elizabeth
• Attempts to colonize – Sir Humphrey Gilbert
• Obtained charter, but was lost at sea (Newfoundland)
– Sir Walter Raleigh (1585)• Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina• Colony mysteriously disapeared
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III. England on the Eve of Empire
• England’s victory over Spain– Ensured naval dominance – Dampened Spain’s fighting spirit
• England population boom – Economic depression, unemployment – Primogeniture landowners forced to look elsewhere
• Emergence and perfected Joint-stock companies– Modern corporation
• Peace with Spain (1604) gave opportunity to colonize– Unemployment, adventure, markets, religious freedom all provided
motives.
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IV. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling
• Virginia Company (joint-stock)– Charter from King James I
• Promise of gold and passage through America to the Indies • Guaranteed same rights as Englishmen and eventually extend to subsequent
English colonies. • Remain with in the embrace of traditional English institution
– Did not plan on long term colonization • hoped to make a quick buck and liquidize the profits
• Jamestown (1607) http://youtu.be/vpA5O46Ioyk– http://youtu.be/ZINHFyVDp3s
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V. Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake• Powhatan’s Confederacy V. English Colonist
– Starving colonist raid Indian food supply – Lord De L Warr declares war against Indians
• Raided, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields.
• First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)– Peace with the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas
• Tensions and attacks – Va. Company orders “perpetual war without peace truce.” – Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644)
• Peace in 1646• Banished Chesapeake Indians from their land and formally separated Indian from
white areas of settlement.
• Difference between Spain and England with Indian relations– Spain put Indians to work in mines – No economic purpose to Virginia colonist
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VI. The Indians’ New World• Demographic and cultural transformation
– Columbian exchange of animals, food, diseases• Reinvent their tribes for survival
– Trade• Firearms• Resulted an increase of Indian on Indian violence
– Struggled to keep up with the expanding Atlantic economy– Inland native, Algonquins, had advantages
• Time, space, and numbers• British or French trader conform to Indian ways • Often taking Indian wives
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VII. Virginia: Child of Tobacco• http://youtu.be/vpA5O46Ioyk
• Promoted plantation system and fresh labor– Makings of colonial slavery – 1619 reported 20 Africans
• Seeds of slave system
– 1650 reported 300 Africans– End of the century, 14% of the colony’s population
• 1619 House of Burgesses– Representative self government– James I grew hostile toward VA.
• Detested tobacco and distrusted House of Burgesses• Revoked the charter in 1624, became ROYAL COLONY
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VIII. Maryland: Catholic Haven
• Lord Baltimore (1634)– Refuge for fellow Catholics
• Tempers flared with back country planters (protestant)
– Plan for a feudal system
• Planation colony, tobacco – Depended on labor, indenture servants
• Supported Act of Toleration, 1649– Toleration of all Christians– Death penalty for Jews and atheists
• Sheltered most Catholics than any other English speaking colony in the New World.
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IX. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
• Spain weakened in area, England makes presence known. • Sugar plantations
– Foundation of economy – Sugar cane, rich mans crop.
• Extensive work , Wealthy growers
• Huge numbers of enslaved Africans (out numbered whites)• Barbados Slave Code
– Complete control, brutal punishments
• Growth of sugar led to smaller farmers displaced– Migrated to southern mainland colonies– Brought with them enslaved Africans & Slave Code
• Staging area for the slave system in English North America
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X. Colonizing the Carolinas• Prospered by developing close economic ties with West Indies• Vigorous slave trade
– Enlisted aid from Savannah Indians to search for captives– Exporting Indians to West Indies
• Rice emerged as principle export crop • Charles Town
– Rapid busy sea port – Rich aristocratic flavor – Diverse community: French Protestant & Jews
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XI. The Emergence of North Carolina• “the quintessence of Virginia’s discontent.”• Squatters• Raised tobacco on small farms
– Little need for slaves
• Character traits– Poor, riffraff – Resistance to authority
• Democratic, Independent-minded, and least aristocratic of the original 13 colonies– Similar to Rhode Island
• Tuscarora War– Resulted in selling of hundreds into slavery, – Wanders went north and became 6th nation of the Iroquois Confederacy
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XII. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
• Last colony, meant to act as a buffer – Protect valuable Carolinas against vengeful Spaniards from Florida and
French from Louisiana – Received monetary subsidies from British govt.
• Only colony to receive such grants
– At first rejected slave system
• Haven for wretched imprisoned individual in debt • Melting pot community
– Germans, Scots
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XIII. The Plantation Colonies• Southern mainland Colonies: Md, Va, NC , SC, and Ga.
– Exporting agricultural products – Tobacco and rice – Slavery, later Georgia
• Scattering of plantations and farms retarded the growth of cities
• Tax supported Church of England
• http://youtu.be/7FLMPnDdgxo overview
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