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Chapter 2-1
Financial Accounting & Information Financial Accounting & Information System (2)System (2)
Session Objectives: Session Objectives: •Last Session RecapLast Session Recap•Debits and Credits in AccountingDebits and Credits in Accounting•Ledger AccountsLedger Accounts•General Journal & General LedgerGeneral Journal & General Ledger•Case Study: C2_Managing Books for your businessCase Study: C2_Managing Books for your business
Session Objectives: Session Objectives: •Last Session RecapLast Session Recap•Debits and Credits in AccountingDebits and Credits in Accounting•Ledger AccountsLedger Accounts•General Journal & General LedgerGeneral Journal & General Ledger•Case Study: C2_Managing Books for your businessCase Study: C2_Managing Books for your business
1
Accounting Information System with SAP: By M Asif JafferAccounting Information System with SAP: By M Asif Jaffer
Chapter 2-2
Financial Accounting & Information Financial Accounting & Information SystemSystem
Recap (Session-1): Recap (Session-1): • Why Accounting: Why Accounting: Gradually more negative motivations Gradually more negative motivations • Introduction: Introduction: New comers please introduceNew comers please introduce• Course Objective & Conduct : Course Objective & Conduct : To apply accounting concepts in To apply accounting concepts in decision making; to be able to study and understand decision making; to be able to study and understand corporate annual reportscorporate annual reports•Course Outline: Course Outline: New participants please collect from meNew participants please collect from me• What’s Accounting, What’s Accounting, What it isn’t: Identifying, Recording, What it isn’t: Identifying, Recording, Communicating of economic events of an organizationCommunicating of economic events of an organization•Accounting Foundations (Chapter_1): Accounting Foundations (Chapter_1):
Resources = SourcesResources = SourcesAssets = Liabilities + Owners’ EquityAssets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
Assets = Liabilities + Capital – Drawings + Revenue - ExpensesAssets = Liabilities + Capital – Drawings + Revenue - Expenses
Recap (Session-1): Recap (Session-1): • Why Accounting: Why Accounting: Gradually more negative motivations Gradually more negative motivations • Introduction: Introduction: New comers please introduceNew comers please introduce• Course Objective & Conduct : Course Objective & Conduct : To apply accounting concepts in To apply accounting concepts in decision making; to be able to study and understand decision making; to be able to study and understand corporate annual reportscorporate annual reports•Course Outline: Course Outline: New participants please collect from meNew participants please collect from me• What’s Accounting, What’s Accounting, What it isn’t: Identifying, Recording, What it isn’t: Identifying, Recording, Communicating of economic events of an organizationCommunicating of economic events of an organization•Accounting Foundations (Chapter_1): Accounting Foundations (Chapter_1):
Resources = SourcesResources = SourcesAssets = Liabilities + Owners’ EquityAssets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
Assets = Liabilities + Capital – Drawings + Revenue - ExpensesAssets = Liabilities + Capital – Drawings + Revenue - Expenses
2By M Asif JafferBy M Asif Jaffer
Chapter 2-3
The rest of the slides are taken from the following accounting resource
Chapter 2-4
Chapter 2
The Recording Process
Accounting Principles, Ninth Edition
Chapter 2-5
1. Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.
2. Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
3. Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
4. Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
5. Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
6. Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
7. Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Study ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy Objectives
Chapter 2-6
The AccountThe AccountThe AccountThe Account
Debits and Debits and creditscredits
Expansion of Expansion of basic equationbasic equation
Limitations of a Limitations of a trial balancetrial balance
Locating errorsLocating errors
Use of dollar Use of dollar signssigns
Summary Summary illustration of illustration of journalizing and journalizing and postingposting
JournalJournal
LedgerLedger
Steps in the Steps in the Recording Recording ProcessProcess
Steps in the Steps in the Recording Recording ProcessProcess
The Recording The Recording Process Process
IllustratedIllustrated
The Recording The Recording Process Process
IllustratedIllustratedThe Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial Balance
The Recording ProcessThe Recording ProcessThe Recording ProcessThe Recording Process
Chapter 2-7
Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, equity, revenue, or expense item.
Debit = “Left”
Credit = “Right”
AccounAccountt
An Account can An Account can be illustrated be illustrated
in a T-Account in a T-Account form.form.
SO 1 Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording SO 1 Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
The AccountThe AccountThe AccountThe Account
Chapter 2-8
Double-entry Double-entry accounting system
Each transaction must affect two or more accounts to keep the basic accounting equation in balance.
Recording done by debiting at least one account and crediting another.
DEBITS must equalmust equal CREDITS.
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Debits and CreditsDebits and CreditsDebits and CreditsDebits and Credits
Chapter 2-9
Assets = Liabilities + Capital – Drawings + Revenue - Expenses Assets = Liabilities + Capital – Drawings + Revenue - Expenses
++
+/- Capital – Drawings Profit / Loss
+(updated) Owners’
EquityAssets = Liabilities
Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position
Statement of Owners’ Equity Revenue –
Expenses
Income Statemen
t
Chapter 2-10
=Asset + Expenses+ Drawings
Debit
Credit
Debits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits Summary
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Liability + Capital + Revenue
Chapter 2-11
Debits:
a. increase both assets and liabilities.
b. decrease both assets and liabilities.
c. increase assets and decrease liabilities.
d. decrease assets and increase liabilities.
Review QuestionReview Question
Debits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits Summary
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Chapter 2-12
Discussion Question
Q2-4: Maria Alvarez, a beginning accounting
student, believes debit balances are
favorable and credit balances are
unfavorable. Is Maria correct? Discuss.
See notes page for discussion
Debits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits Summary
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Chapter 2-13
Expansion of the Basic EquationExpansion of the Basic EquationExpansion of the Basic EquationExpansion of the Basic Equation
Relationship among the assets, liabilities and Relationship among the assets, liabilities and owner’s equity of a business: owner’s equity of a business:
The equation must be in balance after every The equation must be in balance after every transaction. For every transaction. For every DebitDebit there must be a there must be a CreditCredit..
Assets Liabilities= Owner’s EquityBasic Equation
Expanded Basic Equation
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
+Illustration 2-11
Chapter 2-14
Transaction (1). Investment By Owner.Transaction (1). Investment By Owner. Ray Neal decides to open a computer programming service which he names Softbyte. On September 1, 2010, he invests $15,000 cash in the. The effect of this transaction on the basic equation is:
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
15000 15000Cash Capital
Chapter 2-15
Transaction (2). Purchase of Equipment for Cash.Transaction (2). Purchase of Equipment for Cash. Softbyte purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Chapter 2-16
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Transaction (3). Purchase of Supplies on Credit.Transaction (3). Purchase of Supplies on Credit. Softbyte purchases for $1,600 from Acme Supply Company computer paper and other supplies expected to last several months.
Chapter 2-17
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Transaction (4). Services Provided for Cash.Transaction (4). Services Provided for Cash. Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers for programming services it has provided.
Chapter 2-18
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Transaction (5). Purchase of Advertising on Credit.Transaction (5). Purchase of Advertising on Credit. Softbyte receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News for advertising but postpones payment until a later date.
Chapter 2-19
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Transaction (6). Services Provided for Cash and Transaction (6). Services Provided for Cash and Credit.Credit. Softbyte provides $3,500 of programming services for customers. The company receives cash of $1,500 from customers, and it bills the balance of $2,000 on account.
Chapter 2-20
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Transaction (7). Payment of Expenses.Transaction (7). Payment of Expenses. Softbyte pays the following Expenses in cash for September: store rent $600, salaries of employees $900, and utilities $200.
Chapter 2-21
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Transaction (8). Payment of Accounts Payable.Transaction (8). Payment of Accounts Payable. Softbyte pays its $250 Daily News bill in cash.
Chapter 2-22
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Transaction (9). Receipt of Cash on Account.Transaction (9). Receipt of Cash on Account. Softbyte receives $600 in cash from customers who had been billed for services [in Transaction (6)].
Chapter 2-23
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Transaction (10). Withdrawal of Cash by Owner.Transaction (10). Withdrawal of Cash by Owner. Ray Neal withdraws $1,300 in cash from the business for his personal use.
Chapter 2-24
Transactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
SO 7 SO 7 Analyze the effects of business Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting transactions on the accounting equation.equation.
Summary of TransactionsSummary of TransactionsIllustration 1-8Tabular summary ofSoftbyte transactions
Chapter 2-25
Accounts Dr. Cr.
Cash
Accounts Receivables
Supplies
Equipment
Accounts Payable
Capital
Drawings
Service Revenue
Advertising Expense
Rent Expense
Salary Expense
Utility Expense
Totals
Paula KingTrial Balance
As on 28th Feb 2010Complete
it!
Chapter 2-26
Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
If Debits are greater thangreater than Credits, the account will have a debit balance.
$10,000 Transaction #2$3,000
$15,000$15,000
8,000Transaction #3
Balance
Transaction #1
Debits and CreditsDebits and CreditsDebits and CreditsDebits and Credits
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Chapter 2-27
Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
If Credits are greater thangreater than Debits, the account will have a credit balance.
$10,000 Transaction #2$3,000
Balance
Transaction #1
Debits and CreditsDebits and CreditsDebits and CreditsDebits and Credits
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
$1,000$1,000
8,000 Transaction #3
Chapter 2-28
Chapter 3-23
AssetsAssets
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 3-27
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
ExpenseExpense
Chapter 3-24
LiabilitiesLiabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Owner’s EquityOwner’s Equity
Chapter 3-26
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
RevenueRevenue
Normal Balance Credit
Normal Balance Credit
Normal Balance Debit
Normal Balance Debit
Debits and Credits Debits and Credits SummarySummaryDebits and Credits Debits and Credits SummarySummary
SO 2 SO 2
Chapter 2-29
Assets - Debits should exceed credits.
Liabilities – Credits should exceed debits.
The normal balance is on the increase side.
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Assets and LiabilitiesAssets and LiabilitiesAssets and LiabilitiesAssets and Liabilities
Chapter 3-23
AssetsAssets
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 3-24
LiabilitiesLiabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 2-30
Owner’s investments and revenues increase owner’s equity (credit).
Owner’s drawings and expenses decrease owner’s equity (debit).
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Owners’ EquityOwners’ EquityOwners’ EquityOwners’ Equity
Chapter 3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Owner’s CapitalOwner’s Capital
Chapter 3-23
Owner’s DrawingOwner’s Drawing
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Owner’s EquityOwner’s Equity
Chapter 2-31
The purpose of earning revenues is to benefit the owner(s).
The effect of debits and credits on revenue accounts is the same as their effect on Owner’s Capital.
Expenses have the opposite effect: expenses decrease owner’s equity.
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Revenue and ExpenseRevenue and ExpenseRevenue and ExpenseRevenue and Expense
Chapter 3-27
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
ExpenseExpense
Chapter 3-26
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
RevenueRevenue
Chapter 2-32
Accounts that normally have debit balances are:
a. assets, expenses, and revenues.
b. assets, expenses, and owner’s capital.
c. assets, liabilities, and owner’s drawings.
d. assets, owner’s drawings, and expenses.
Review QuestionReview Question
Debits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits SummaryDebits and Credits Summary
SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain SO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business their use in recording business transactions.transactions.
Chapter 2-33
Business documents, such as a sales slip, a check, a bill, or a cash register tape, provide evidence of the transaction.
Steps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording Process
SO 3 Identify the basic steps in the recording process.SO 3 Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
Analyze each transaction
Enter transaction in a journal
Transfer journal information to ledger
accounts
Illustration 2-12
Chapter 2-34
Book of original entry.
Transactions recorded in chronological order.
Contributions to the recording process:
1. Discloses the complete effects of a transaction.
2. Provides a chronological record of transactions.
3. Helps to prevent or locate errors because the debit and credit amounts can be easily compared.
The JournalThe JournalThe JournalThe Journal
SO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording SO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Chapter 2-35
Journalizing - Entering transaction data in the journal.
JournalizingJournalizingJournalizingJournalizing
SO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording SO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Illustration: On September 1, Ray Neal invested $15,000 cash in the business, and Softbyte purchased computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
Account Title Ref. Debit CreditDate
Cash
R. Neal, Capital
Sept. 1 15,000
15,000
General Journal
Computer equipmentCash
7,000
7,000
Illustration 2-13
Chapter 2-36
Simple and Compound Entries
JournalizingJournalizingJournalizingJournalizing
SO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording SO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Illustration: Assume that on July 1, Butler Company purchases a delivery truck costing $14,000. It pays $8,000 cash now and agrees to pay the remaining $6,000 on account.
Account Title Ref. Debit CreditDate
Delivery equipment
Cash
Sept. 1 14,000
8,000
General Journal
6,000Accounts payable
Illustration 2-14
Chapter 2-37
A General Ledger contains the entire group of accounts maintained by a company.
The General Ledger includes all the asset, liability, owner’s equity, revenue and expense accounts.
The LedgerThe LedgerThe LedgerThe Ledger
SO 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording SO 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Illustration 2-15
Chapter 2-38 SO 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording SO 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording
process.process.
Chapter 2-39
T-account form used in accounting textbooks.
In practice, the account forms used in ledgers aremuch more structured.
Standard Form of AccountStandard Form of AccountStandard Form of AccountStandard Form of Account
SO 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording SO 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Illustration 2-16
Chapter 2-40
Posting Posting – the process of transferring amounts from the journal to the ledger accounts.
PostingPostingPostingPosting
Illustration 2-17
SO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording SO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Chapter 2-41
Posting:
a. normally occurs before journalizing.
b. transfers ledger transaction data to the journal.
c. is an optional step in the recording process.
d. transfers journal entries to ledger accounts.
Review QuestionReview Question
PostingPostingPostingPosting
SO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording SO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Chapter 2-42
Accounts and account numbers arranged in sequence in which they are presented in the financial statements.
Chart of AccountsChart of AccountsChart of AccountsChart of Accounts
SO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording SO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Illustration 2-18
Chapter 2-43
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
LO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording LO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Follow these steps:
1. Determine what type of account is involved.
2. Determine what items increased or decreased and by how much.
3. Translate the increases and decreases into debits and credits.
Illustration 2-19
Chapter 2-44
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
LO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording LO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.process.
Illustration 2-20
Chapter 2-45
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Illustration 2-21
Chapter 2-46
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Illustration 2-22
Chapter 2-47
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Illustration 2-23
Chapter 2-48
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Illustration 2-24
Chapter 2-49
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Illustration 2-25
Chapter 2-50
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Illustration 2-26
Chapter 2-51
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Illustration 2-27
Chapter 2-52
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Illustration 2-28
Chapter 2-53
A list of accounts and their balances at a given time.
Purpose is to prove that debits equal credits.
The Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial Balance
LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Illustration 2-31
Chapter 2-54
The trial balance may balance even when
1. a transaction is not journalized,
2. a correct journal entry is not posted,
3. a journal entry is posted twice,
4. incorrect accounts are used in journalizing or posting, or
5. offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of a transaction.
The Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial Balance
LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Limitations of a Trial Balance
Chapter 2-55
A trial balance will not balance if:
a. a correct journal entry is posted twice.
b. the purchase of supplies on account is debited to Supplies and credited to Cash.
c. a $100 cash drawing by the owner is debited to Owner’s Drawing for $1,000 and credited to Cash for $100.
d. a $450 payment on account is debited to Accounts Payable for $45 and credited to Cash for $45.
Review QuestionReview Question
The Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial Balance
LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Chapter 2-56
Q2-19. Jim Benes is confused about how accounting information flows through the accounting system. He believes the flow of information is as follows.
a. 3 Debits and credits posted to the ledger.b. 1 Business transaction occurs. c. 2 Information entered in the journal.d. 5 Financial statements are prepared.e. 4 Trial balance is prepared.
Is Jim correct? If not, indicate to Jim the proper flow of the information.
See notes page for discussion
Recording ProcessRecording ProcessRecording ProcessRecording Process
Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question
LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Chapter 2-57 LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Case Study
Chapter 2-58
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