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EE 515 Illumination Engineering Design

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Objectives:1. Appreciate the origin and evolution of light sources.

2. Point out reasons how early people were able to

identify, choose, and create light sources.

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Pre-Electric Lighting Blazing embers of a forest fire carefully gathered and

brought into cave by prehistoric ancestors to providewarmth and light.

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Pre-Electric Lighting Cressets metal fire baskets used in medieval times

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Pre-Electric Lighting Candlewood consists of slivers of pinewood placed in

metals stands near the hearth in homes.

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Pre-Electric Lighting Rushlights flaming torch (first portable lamps)

American Indians used pine knots as torches

Colonial settlers use dried reed torches dipped in greaseor fat

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Four basic light sources

Oil lamps

Candles

Gas lighting

Electric Lamps

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Oil Lampswick

Oilreservoir cover

Reservoir containsanimal fat or fish or

vegetable oil

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Oil Lamps

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Oil Lamps

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Oil Lamps

Ami Argand

There has been a lamp called a cylinderlamp lately invented here. It gives a light

equal to six or eight candles. Thisimprovement is made by forcing the wickinto a hollow cylinder so that thee is apassage of air through it.

Thomas Jefferson writing from Europe

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Candles Mostly associated with the development of the

Christian Church and dates from about 400 A.D.

Church candles were madeprimarily of beeswax (thebee is the symbol of

purity) and were quiteexpensive.

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Candles Tallow candle made from rendered beef or mutton

fat. Inexpensive, smelly, and smoky. Used by commonpeople.

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CandlesWealthier people use candles from bayberry bush wax

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Candles The rise of the whaling industry produced not only

better fuel for oil lamps but also a better wax forcandles.

Spermaceti, derived from head cavity of the spermwhale, used in the past as basic lighting measurement

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Candles In the 1850s that much of the smoke and odor of tallow

could be eliminated by removing the glycerine fromfats. The result was the stearine candle.

At nearly the same time, paraffin, a petroleumproduct, was introduced.

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Gas lighting Chinese, the first people to

use natural gas forlighting, piping it from salt

mines through bambootubes.

Around 1800, distillingnatural gas from coal was

discovered, and thus gaslighting was introduced.

1823, London has 40,000gas lamps.

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Gas lighting The first gas burners were simply iron pipes with holes

in the end.

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Gas lighting 1886, C. A. Von Welsbach, invented the welsbach

burner, to compete with the fledgling electric lightingindustry

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Evolution of light sources