Chapter 19Vibrations and Waves

There are two ways to transmit information/energy in our universe:Particle MotionandWave Motion

Light and SoundBoth are vibrations of different kindsVibration -mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium pointdisturbance that travels through space and timeWave -

1.VIBRATION OF A PENDULUMDemo - MetronomeDemo - Bowling ball pendulumJava DemoWhat does the period (T) depend upon?Length of the pendulum (l ).Acceleration due to gravity (g).Period does not depend upon the bob mass or the amplitude of the swing.

Video - Swinging ExamplesDemo - Pendulum with extra mass

Pendulum Uses:TimingOil prospectingWalkingWhen oscillations are small, the motion is called simple harmonic motion (shm) and can be described by a simple sine curve.

2.WAVE DESCRIPTIONPicture of a Transverse Wave

Chart1

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SINE

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l

Wavelength (l)Distance between adjacent crests in a transverse wave Distance a wave travels during one vibration Units- meters or feet

Time required to make one vibration. Time required to generate one wave. Time required for the wave to travel one wavelength.Period (T)

Frequency (f)The number of vibrations per unit of time made by the vibrating source.Units - cycles per second 1/s Hertz (Hz)

Examples of FrequencyWhat is the frequency of the second hand of a clock?Frequency = 1cycle/60 secPeriod = 60 sec What is the frequency of US Presidential elections?Frequency = 1 election/4 yrsPeriod = 4 yrs

In symbolic formor

3.WAVE MOTIONEnergy is transported by particles or waves.A wave is a disturbance transmitted through a medium.Exception: light does not require a medium.

medium - the stuff that carries the waveWavesMediumwater waveswaterwaves on a roperopestadium wavespeoplesoundairlightspace (vacuum)Wave Motion

4.WAVE SPEEDThe average speed is defined as

For a wave, if the distance traveled is a wavelength (l), then the time to travel this distance is the period (T). Thusor

is true for all waves.

Note: v is dictated by the medium. (must change medium to change v) f is dictated by the source. (must change the source to change f )Demo - Complete Bell Wave Machine

5.TRANSVERSE WAVESURL Transverse WavesVideo - Slinky Transverse Waves

Examples:

string musical instruments ripples on water electromagnetic waves

A disturbance moves through the medium.Elements of the medium vibrate.Examples: ripples on waterwheat waves

6.LONGITUDINAL WAVESURL Longitudinal WavesVideo - Slinky Longitudinal Waves

RarefactionsCompressions

Demo - SlinkyExample: sound in air

7.INTERFERENCECollision of PulsesSuperposition of WavesOverhead - InterferenceInterference is a characteristic of all waves.

Two Slit InterferenceConstructive and Destructive Interference

Standing WavesWhen two sets of waves of equal amplitude and wavelength pass through each other in opposite directions, it is possible to create an interference pattern that looks like a wave that is standing still.

Demo - Rope and strobeURL Standing Waves

Standing Waves

Notes on Standing WavesThere is maximum vibration at an antinode.l is twice the distance between successive nodes or successive antinodes.There is no vibration at a node.

Demo - Soda straw wave machineDemo - Organ pipe and tuning forkAnother example: musical instrumentsURL - Drumhead Vibrations Wave Examples

8.DOPPLER EFFECTRefers to the change in frequency when there is relative motion between an observer of waves and the source of the wavesDoppler with Sound Doppler with Water

Barrier and Bow WavesBarrier Wave - a wave source moving to the right at a speed equal to the wave speed

Bow Wave - wave source moving to the right at a speed in excess of the wave speed

10.SHOCK WAVESThere are two booms, one from the front of the flying object and one from the back.Supersonic jetThe boom is not produced just when the flying object breaks through the sound barrier.

Supersonic

Doppler Effect NotesMotion of SourceSound Light and ObserverMoving togetherHigherBlue ShiftPitchMoving ApartLowerRed ShiftPitch

Doppler Shift Gives Radial Velocity

Compare these spectra.

Spectrum of Hydrogen in Lab

Spectrum a Star

What do these spectra tell us about the star?

Demo - Crack whip

Supersonic - faster than the speed of soundMach Number

=speed of soundspeed of object Subsonic slower than the speed of sound

Doubling the mass of a simple pendulum undergoing small oscillations does what to the period of the pendulum?(a)cuts it in half(b)increases it by the square of 2(c)nothing(d)doubles it(c)nothing

What dictates the frequency of a sound wave? (a)wavelength(b)medium(c)source of the sound(d)speed(e)amplitude(c)source of the sound

What determines the speed of a wave? (a)the frequency(b)the wavelength(c)the amplitude(d)the period(e)the medium of transmission(e)the medium of transmission

A skipper on a boat notices wave crests passing his anchor chain every 5 seconds. If the wave crests are 15 m apart, what is the speed of the water waves in m/s? (a)5 (d)10(b)15 (e) 3(c)75(e) 3

For a medium transmitting a longitudinal wave, the areas of the medium where the density of the medium is temporarily increased are called...(a)rarefactions(b)compressions(c)density holes(b)compressions

When you move away from a fixed source of sound, the frequency of the sound you hear...(a)is greater than what the source emits(b)is less than what the source emits(c)is the same as what the source emits(b)is less than what the source emits

Sonic booms from a plane are produced...(a)because the plane breaks through the sound barrier.(b)when the plane reaches the speed of sound.(c)by the plane traveling faster than the speed of sound.(d)by the plane traveling slower than the speed of sound.(c)by the plane traveling faster than the speed of sound