Chapter 19 Chemical Bonds Lesson 1. Chemical Bond Strong attractive force between atoms or ions in a...
Transcript of Chapter 19 Chemical Bonds Lesson 1. Chemical Bond Strong attractive force between atoms or ions in a...
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Chapter 19Chapter 19
Chemical BondsChemical Bonds
Lesson 1Lesson 1
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Chemical BondChemical Bond
• Strong attractive force between atoms or ions in a molecule or compound.
• Formed by:– transferring e- (losing or gaining)
– sharing e-
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PropertiesProperties
• Compounds formed – Properties aren’t anything
like those of the individual elements.
• Sodium chloride – a compound made from the
elements sodium and chlorine.
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Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas
• chemical formula – elements that make up a compound and the
exact number of atoms of each element in a unit of the compound
• H2O
– contains the symbols H for the element hydrogen and O for the element oxygen.
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FormulasFormulas
• Subscript – means “written
below”– tells how many
atoms of that element are in a unit of the compound.
– no subscript the unit contains only one atom of that element
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Atomic StabilityAtomic Stability
• electric forces– oppositely charged electrons and
protons hold atoms and molecules together
– the forces that cause compounds to form.
• noble gases – unusually stable.– Compounds rarely form
– they are almost always less stable than the original atoms.
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StabilityStability
• Octet Rule– most atoms form bonds in order to have
8 valence e- (This is important)
– full outer energy level– like the Noble Gases!
• Stability is the driving force behind bond formation!
Ne
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The Unique Noble The Unique Noble GasesGases
• Electron dot diagrams– show only the
electrons in the outer energy level of an atom.
– Notice that eight dots surround Kr, Ne, Xe, Ar, and Rn, and two dots surround He
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Energy Levels and Other Energy Levels and Other ElementsElements
• Hydrogen – contains one electron in its lone
energy level.
– has a single dot next to its symbol.
– outer energy level is not full.
• It is more stable when it is part of a compound.
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Energy Levels and Other Energy Levels and Other ElementsElements
• Helium– outer energy level contains two
electrons.– already has a full outer energy level by
itself and is chemically stable.– rarely forms compounds but, by itself,
the element is a commonly used gas.
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Energy Levels and Other Energy Levels and Other ElementsElements
• Groups 13 through 17, – Each falls short of having a stable
energy level.
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Energy Levels and Other Energy Levels and Other ElementsElements
• Each group contains too few electrons for a stable level of eight electrons.
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Outer Levels —Getting Their Outer Levels —Getting Their FillFill
• How does hydrogen, or any other element, trying to become stable, gain or lose its outer electrons? – combining with other atoms that also
have partially complete outer energy levels.
– As a result, each achieves stability.
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Stability
• Transferring e-
• Sharing e-
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Outer Levels —Getting Their Outer Levels —Getting Their FillFill
• electron dot diagram– chlorine now has a
stable outer energy level.
– Sodium had only one electron in its outer energy level
– lost to combine with chlorine in sodium chloride.
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Stability Is ReachedStability Is Reached
• Look back to the next, outermost energy level of sodium.
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Stability Is ReachedStability Is Reached
• atoms – gain, lose, or share electron
– an attraction forms between the atoms, pulling them together to form a compound.
• chemical bond – is the force that holds atoms together in
a compound..
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Lesson Check
• How many hydrogen atoms are present in one molecule of ammonium acetate,
NH C H O 7• An ion is a positively or negatively
charged atom; an ionic bond occurs when oppositely charged ions attract each other and an equal exchange of electrons takes place.
4 2 3 2