Chapter 18 Nutrition and Metabolism
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Transcript of Chapter 18 Nutrition and Metabolism
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Chapter 18 Nutrition and Metabolism
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6 Major NutrientsWaterCarbohydratesFatsProteinsVitaminsMinerals
Essential vs. Nonessential
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Appetite Control Regulated by hypothalamus (in
brain) Hormones:
• Insulin – stimulates adipose to put glucose into cells and store fat
• Leptin – decreases appetite• NeuropeptideY – increases
appetite, negative feedback loop based on ingested calories
• Ghrelin – increases appetite (gastric bypass surgery decreases this hormone)
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http://research.archives.gov/description/5709999
1916 – a good read! I think the 4 food groups were milk stew, milk toast, milk
pudding, and milk soup.
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1st use of food groups
1940s
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Old food pyramid – 1990s
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How can this be improved??
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New – includes visual of serving sizes
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Carbohydrates Primary energy source (4 Calories per gram) Used to make ribose and deoxyribose + breast
milk (lactose)
Monosaccharides – honey, fruit Disaccharide – lactose, sucrose
Polysaccharides –• meats (glycogen)• Plants (cellulose)
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Lipids Triglycerides – most concentrated source
of energy (9 Calories per gram)
Used for phospholipids, cholesterol – hormones, myelin
Adipose tissue – pg 158
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Liver uses fatty acids to make other kinds of lipids
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Food vs. Bad Cholesterol
“Carriers” of
cholesterol
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Cholesterol processing in liver and relation to cardiovascular disease and arterial
plaques
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High levels of LDL and low levels of HDL increase risk of heart attacks.
HDL is believed to carry LDLs away from blood vessels and back to liver for processing.
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Proteins Sources: meat, dairy, nuts, legumes (4
Cal/gram) Used for:
• Antibodies, enzymes, hemoglobin• Muscle (actin and myosin)• Collagen, keratin, elastin (connective
tissues)• Biologically complete vs. incomplete
proteins Areolar tissue – page 157
Reticular tissue – page 159
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Vitamins “Vital Amines”
Destroyed by heat
Excess can be toxic
Antibiotics can lead to deficiencies
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Vitamins
Fat soluble Water SolubleA CD BEK
Mainly from meat
Mainly from meat
Bacteria, problem
for babies, needed for
blood clotting
Bacteria, problem
for babies, needed for
blood clotting
Often serve as coenzymes
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Beri-beri, vitamin B
Pellagra, vitamin B Glossitis, vitamin
B
Spina bifida, folic acid Scurvy, vitamin C
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Xeropthalmia, Vitamin A
Rickets, Vitamin DGoiter, Iodine
Fluorosis, fluoride
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Inorganic, ionized form
Ca, P, S, K, Mg, Na, Cl, Fe, I………..
Minerals