CHAPTER 17…in summary

Classification of living things

Taxonomy

Taxonomy: the process of classifying things based on characteristics.

Organization from large to smallor wide to narrow.

Taxonomy—how to remember

Domain Eukaryote or ProkaryoteKingdom kingPhylum phillipClass cameOrder overFamily forGenus goodSpecies spaghetti

Human

Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimataFamily HominidaeGenus Homo ItalicsSpecies sapiens italics lower case

6 Kingdoms

1. Eubacteria2. Archaebacteria3. Protists4. Fungi5. Plants6. Animals

Chapter 18 – Bacteria

Bacterial Structures

DNA Ribosomes Cell wall Flagellum Pili

Gram Stain

Gram positive Gram negative

Bacteria Shape

Cocci (coccus) Bacilli (bacillus) Spirilla (spirillum)

Diplo – pairs Staphylo – clusters Strepto – chains

Streptococcus

Chapter 18 – Bacteria

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Prokaryotes

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria3 types that live in 3 types that live in

extreme habitatsextreme habitatsUsually no oxygen Usually no oxygen

availableavailable

One type produces methane gas; One type produces methane gas; Live in marshes, lake sediment and Live in marshes, lake sediment and digestive tracts of some mammalsdigestive tracts of some mammals

2nd type live only in water with 2nd type live only in water with high concentrations of salt; Great high concentrations of salt; Great Salt Lake and Dead SeaSalt Lake and Dead Sea

33rdrd type lives in hot, acidic waters type lives in hot, acidic waters of sulfer springs. Also lives in of sulfer springs. Also lives in cracks deep in ocean floor.cracks deep in ocean floor.

EubacteriaEubacteriaHeterotrophsHeterotrophsLive almost everywhere Live almost everywhere

and use organic molecules and use organic molecules as their foodas their food

Movement & Support

Have cell walls to support shape and provide protection

Some have flagellum for movement

Digestion/Obtaining Nutrients

Some are autotrophsPhotosynthetic: make food from sunChemosynthetic: make their food from molecules

Some are heterotrophs that use organic molecules that they engulf & breakdown

Some use aerobic respiration and others use fermentation (anaerobic). These processes produce energy

Nervous/Response

Circular chromosome with DNA

Some produce endospores

Some produce toxins

Circulation

Rely on flow of cytoplasm to move materials through cell

Gas Exchange

Gases are exchanged directly to the environment through diffusion

Excretion

Waste is secreted through the cell membrane by diffusion or exocytosis

Reproduction

Asexual – binary fission

Sexual – conjugation through pilus

What makes bacteria so great?

They reproduce rapidlyTheir DNA mutates frequentlyThey can exist in extreme environmentsThey are able to use substances that

other organisms cannot

Helpful Bacteria

Nitrogen fixation Recycling nutrients

(saprophytes & decomposers)

Medicine Food

Harmful Bacteria

E. coli Salmonella Bacillus anthracis Yersinia pestis Staphylococcus

aureus

Antibiotic Resistance

Vaccines & Immunity

Vaccines consist of dead/destroyed virus or bacteria

Sensitizes the body to the foreign objects

Creates antibodies that recognize foreign antigen

Allows the body to react more quickly when it encounters the “real deal”

How do we protect ourselves from infectious agents?

SkinBody secretionsInflammation & feverAntibodies Antibiotics & vaccines