Chapter 18 A and P Lecture Notes.notebook - University · PDF file · 2016-09-28......

Chapter 18 A and P Lecture Notes.notebook

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Table of Contents# Date Title Page #1. 09/07/16 1

i

Ch 1: Intro to Human A & P

2. 09/19/16 Ch 18: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 5


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09/19/16 Chapter 18: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 4Objective: Students will be able to explain water and electrolyte balance, and discuss the importance of this balance.

Chapter 18: Notes

Objective: Students will be able to list the routes by which water enters and leaves the body, and explain how water intake and output are regulated.

water enters water exits


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Title

Copyright © The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CHAPTER 18FLEXART

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Read new text book page 489: Heatstroke can kill


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Fig18.01

Total body water

Interstitial fluidPlasma


Lymph

Transcellularfluid

Extracellular fluid (37%)Intracellular fluid

(63%)Membranes ofbody cells

Water

Electrolytes:Molecules that release ions (charged) in water.

Critical Substances to Maintain Homeostasis

Body Fluids exist in Compartments


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Fig18.02

20

30

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

40

10

014:1Ratio

(Extracellular: intracellular)

Na+ 1:28

K+ 5:1 1:19 26:1

Cl–– 3:1

HCO3– 1:19 1:2

Extracellular fluid

Intracellular fluid


Ion concentration (m Eq/

L)]

Ca+2

Mg+2

PO4–3

SO4–2

Use this to write in 2 colors, the relative ion concentrations on the diagram of the different fluids.

What direction would potassium travel?

sodium? carbonate ions?


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September 28, 2016Fig18.03

Interstitial fluid

Intracellularfluid

Capillary wall

Serousmembrane

Transcellularfluid

Lymph

Plasma


Cellmembrane

Lymphvessel

Fluid leaves plasmaat arteriolar end ofcapillaries becauseoutward force ofhydrostatic pressurepredominates

Fluid returns toplasma at venularends of capillariesbecause inward forceof colloid osmoticpressure predominates

Hydrostatic pressurewithin interstitialspaces forces fluidinto lymph capillaries

Interstitial fluid isin equilibrium withtranscellular andintracellular fluids

Definitions:

hydrostatic pressure:

pressure exerted by fluids

ie: blood pressure

osmotic pressure:

pressure needed to stop osmosis;

a solution's potential pressure caused by impermeant solute particles in the solution

(eg: plasma proteins in blood)

Calculating Osmotic PressureOsmotic PressureWe need to know the molar concentration of dissolved species in order to calculate the osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution. We calculate the osmotic pressure, (pi), using the following equation:

Where:M is the molar concentration of dissolved species (units of mol/L). R is the ideal gas constant (0.08206 L atm mol1 K1, or other values depending on the pressure units). T is the temperature on the Kelvin scale.


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September 28, 2016Fig18.04

Average daily intake of water


Average daily intake of water

Water ofmetabolism(250 mL or 10%)

Water inmoist food(750 mL or 30%)

Water inbeverages(1,500 mL or 60%)

Total intake

Total output(2,500 mL)

Water lost in sweat(150 mL or 6%)Water lost in feces(150 mL or 6%)

Water lost throughskin and lungs(700 mL or 28%)

Water lost in urine(1,500 mL or 60%)

(a) (b)

(12.7 cups)

Regulation of water intake:• increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids

• osmoreceptors in thirst center (hypothalamus)

• distension of stomach wall

• Draw fig. 8 diagram showing this.

Go to page 494 and read "Water Balance Diorders" • What is the mechanism for dehydration?• Describe what occurs in water intoxication.• What is edema?• How does edema occur? • Which major organs are involved in

edema?


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Fig18_A

Nucleus

1

3

2


Cellmembrane

Water is lost fromextracellular fluidcompartment

Soluteconcentrationincreases inextracellularfluid compartment

Water leavesintracellular fluidcompartmentby osmosis


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Fig18_B

1

3

2

Copyright © The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or

Nucleus

Cellmembrane

Excess water is addedto extracellularfluid compartment

Soluteconcentrationof extracellularfluid compartmentdecreases

Water moves intointracellular fluidcompartmentby osmosis


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Table18_AFig18.03

Interstitial fluid

Intracellularfluid

Capillary wall

Serousmembrane

Transcellularfluid

Lymph

Plasma


Cellmembrane

Lymphvessel

Fluid leaves plasmaat arteriolar end ofcapillaries becauseoutward force ofhydrostatic pressurepredominates

Fluid returns toplasma at venularends of capillariesbecause inward forceof colloid osmoticpressure predominates

Hydrostatic pressurewithin interstitialspaces forces fluidinto lymph capillaries

Interstitial fluid isin equilibrium withtranscellular andintracellular fluids


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Normal

Receptors

Control Center

Stimulus

Effectors

Response

Stimulus

Receptors Effectors

Response

Control Center

Low

High

Decrease in Blood Volume

Osmoreceptors HypothalamusAntidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Increased Permeability of kidney (less urine produced)

Blood volume raises

Hypothalamus


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Fig18.05

Aldosterone is secreted

Adrenal cortex is signaled


Potassium ionconcentration increases

Renal tubulesincrease reabsorption ofsodium ions and increasesecretion of potassium ions

Sodium ions areconserved and potassiumions are excreted

Objective: Students will be able to list the routes by which electrolytes enter and leave the body, and explain how electrolyte intake and output are regulated.


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Normal

Receptors

Control Center

Stimulus

Effectors

Response

Stimulus

Receptors Effectors

Response

Control Center

Low

High

Drop in K+

Kidney

Brain

K + Reabsorbed

Potassium (K+) increases

Kidney (adrenal cortex)

Brain

Aldosterone Released

K+ excretion increases

Kidney


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Normal

Receptors

Control Center

Stimulus

Effectors

Response

Stimulus

Receptors Effectors

Response

Control Center

Low

High

Drop in Na+

Kidney

Brain

Aldosterone Secreted

Na + Reabsorbed

Blood volume raises

Heart

Brain

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Na+ excretion increases

Kidney


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Fig18.06

H+Internal environment


Aerobicrespirationof glucose

Anaerobicrespirationof glucose

Incompleteoxidation offatty acids

Oxidation ofsulfurcontainingamino acids

Hydrolysis ofphosphoproteinsand nucleic acids

Phosphoricacid

Sulfuricacid

Acidic ketonebodies

Lacticacid

Carbonicacid


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Fig18.09

7.35

Survival range

Normal pH range

pH scale7.45 8.07.06.8 7.8

Acidosis Alkalosis


pH Scalelogarithmic scale measuring the activity of H+ ions in solution


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1 Which of the following buffer systems most closely resembles the one modeled in lab?

A Bicarbonate system

B Phosphate system

C Protein system

D None of the buffer systems were similar


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Table18.01


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Fig18.07

Rate and depth of breathing increase

Respiratory center is stimulated


Cells increase production of CO2

CO2 reacts with H2O to produce H2CO3

H2CO3 releases H+

More CO2 is eliminated through lungs


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Fig18.08Copyright © The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Bicarbonatebuffer system

Phosphatebuffer system

Proteinbuffer system

Respiratorymechanism(CO2 excretion)

Renalmechanism(H+ excretion)

Chemicalbuffer systems

Physiologicalbuffers

First line of defenseagainst pH shift

Second line ofdefense againstpH shift


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Fig18.10

pH rises

pH drops

pH scale7.4

Acidosis

Alkalosis


Accumulationof acids

Loss ofbases

Increased concentration of H+

Decreased concentration of H+

Loss ofacids

Accumulationof bases


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Fig18.11


Decreased rateand depth ofbreathing

Obstruction ofair passages

Decreasedgas exchange

Accumulation of CO2

Respiratoryacidosis


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Fig18.12

Accumulation of nonrespiratory acids

Metabolic acidosis

Excessive loss of bases


Kidney failureto excrete acids

Excessive production of acidicketones as in diabetes mellitus

Prolonged diarrheawith loss of alkalineintestinal secretions

Prolonged vomitingwith loss of intestinalsecretions


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Fig18.13

Hyperventilation

Respiratory alkalosis


• Anxiety• Fever• Poisoning• High altitude

Excessive loss of CO2

Decrease in concentration of H2CO3

Decrease in concentration of H+


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Fig18.14

Loss of acids

Net increase in alkaline substances

Metabolic alkalosis


Gastricdrainage

Vomiting with lossof gastric secretions

Chapter 18 A and P Lecture Notes.notebook - University · PDF file · 2016-09-28......

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