Chapter 18

Splash Screen

Chapter Menu

Introduction Section 1:

North Africa

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean

Section 3: The Northeast

Section 4: The Arabian Peninsula

Section 5: Central Asia

Summary

Chapter Intro 1

Geography is used to interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future. The region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia has served as the crossroads for Asia, Africa, and Europe. As a result, it has been home to many ethnic groups and cultures.

Section 1-GTR

North Africa

How have the Sahara and access to water affected the people of North Africa?

Section 1-GTR

•  nomad

North Africa

•  hieroglyphics •  geometric boundary •  nationalism

•  principal

•  bedouin •  infrastructure •  domesticate

•  medical

Section 1-GTR

A. Egypt

North Africa

B. Morocco C. Algeria D. Tunisia E. Casablanca F. Algiers G. Tunis H. Tripoli K. Suez Canal I. Libya

J. Cairo

Section 1

Indigenous ethnic groups, migrations, and the dramatic climate have shaped population patterns in North Africa.

Population Patterns

Section 1

•  The people: –  Berbers—indigenous to North Africa

–  Arab

Population Patterns (cont.)

North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia: Population Density

Section 1

Population Pattens (cont.)

•  The Nile Delta region is one of the world’s most densely populated areas.

•  Major urban population centers:

–  Casablanca

–  Algiers

–  Tunis

–  Tripoli

–  Cairo

Section 1

The Sahara, the Nile River Valley, and multiple invasions influenced different cultures throughout North Africa’s history.

History and Government

•  Early Peoples and Civilizations

–  6,000 B.C.— Farming communities along the Nile River and Mediterranean Sea

–  A.D. 6,000—The Egyptian civilization developed in the Nile River Valley.

Section 1

History and Government (cont.)

•  Invasions and migrations:

–  Until 750s—Islamic invasions

–  Late 1400s—Jewish exiles from Christian Spain

–  1500s—Ottoman Empire

–  Early 1600s—Muslim exiles

from Christian Spain

–  Early 1800s—France invades

WWII— U.S. and Britain

North Africa: Invasions and Migrations

The Alhambra Decree 1492

Section 1


•  Countries that have gained independence:

–  Egypt

–  Algeria

–  Libya

–  Tunisia

–  Morocco

A.  A B.  B C.  C D.  D

Section 1

Which of the following has made Egypt a key regional power?

A. The Nile River

B. The Suez Canal

C. Irrigation systems

D. Oil

Section 1

The Muslim religion and the Arabic language define much of the culture of North Africa.

Culture

•  Religion–Islam

•  Language–Arabic

Section 1

Culture (cont.)

•  Education—most people attend school, but literacy rates range widely.

•  Health care—this has improved, but doctor shortages mean limited care.

•  The arts—pyramids; weaving, embroidery, and metalworking influenced by Islam

A.  A B.  B C.  C D.  D

Section 1

How many times a day are Muslims called to worship?

A. 1

B. 3

C. 5

D. 7

Section 2-GTR

The Eastern Mediterranean

How do ancient civilizations and cultures continue to influence the eastern Mediterranean today?

Section 2-GTR

•  monotheism


•  Mosque •  Makkah (Mecca) •  Zionism

•  identity

•  Prophet •  Hammas

•  security •  ongoing

Section 2-GTR

A. Israel


B. Lebanon C. Palestine D. Syria E. Jordan F. Tel Aviv-Jaffa G. Beirut H. Jerusalem I. Makkah (Mecca)

Section 2

Migrations, claims to ancestral homes, and boundary disputes have influenced population in the eastern Mediterranean.

Population Patterns

•  The people:

–  Over 7 million people in this region are Israelis living in Israel.

–  Tensions between Arabs and Jews resulted in six wars.

–  80% of the Israelis are Jewish.

Early civilizations

Section 2


•  Density and distribution:

–  The majority of people live along coastal plains and in the Euphrates River valley.

–  This area has some of the highest population densities in Southwest Asia.

–  This sub region is predominantly urban—more than 80% of the people in Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon live in cities.

–  Just over 50% in Syria and Palestine live in cities.

Ebla, Syria- Important commercial trade center around 3000 BC

–  Damascus, Syria

Elba Tablets: 1800 cuneiform tablets

Mesopotamian Structure shows a highly advanced culture some 5000 years ago.

Section 2

The eastern Mediterranean is home to three of the world’s major religions that have shaped politics and culture there for centuries.


Judaism Christianity

Islam

Section 2


•  Three major religions have deeply rooted histories in this sub region:

–  Judaism

–  Christianity

–  Islam

The Old City of Jerusalem

Section 2


•  Independence:

–  By the late 1800s, Western European powers controlled large areas in this sub region.

–  These countries gained independence around the time of WWII.

Section 2


•  Conflict:

–  Arab-Israeli conflicts—in the 1948 and 1967 conflicts, victorious Israeli forces occupied Arab lands.

–  The status of Palestinian refugees is an ongoing dispute.

Israel and the Palestinian Territories

Arab/Israeli Conflict

Arab View

Section 2

The eastern Mediterranean’s religions and languages have influenced its art and everyday life for centuries.

Culture

•  Religion—Islam

•  Language—Arabic

Section 2

Culture (cont.)

•  Education—most young people attend school, but literacy rates vary widely.

•  Health care—this has improved in recent decades.

•  The arts—expression through arts and architecture; artists and writers found inspiration in religion.

A.  A B.  B C.  C D.  D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which language is spoken in Israel?

A. Arabic

B. English

C. Hebrew

D. French

Section 3-GTR

The Northeast

What religious traditions have shaped the history of the Northeast?

Section 3-GTR

•  culture hearth

The Northeast

•  embargo •  ziggurat

•  participate

•  cuneiform •  qanats •  natural boundary

•  assumed

Section 3-GTR

A. Turkey

The Northeast

B. Iran C. Iraq D. Tehran E. Mesopotamia F. Fertile Crescent G. Persian Empire

Section 3

Ethnic diversity and the Muslim religion have profoundly shaped the population of the Northeast sub region.

Population Patterns

•  The people:

–  Turks

–  Iranians

–  Arabs

–  Kurds Ethnic Groups in the Northeast

Section 3



–  The most populous countries are Turkey and Iran.

–  More than half of these people live in cities.

Section 3


•  Important cities:

–  Istanbul

–  Tehran

–  Baghdad

A.  A B.  B C.  C D.  D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

The Iranians speak which language?

A. Turkish

B. Farsi

C. Arabic

D. Kurdish

Section 3

Ancient empires and thriving civilizations influenced the early history of the Northeast, which today is being shaped by the oil industry and relations with the outside world.


Section 3


•  Civilizations and empires:

–  Mesopotamia—the Sumerian civilization lived in this area.

–  The Phoenician civilization began along the eastern Mediterranean.

–  The Persian Empire extended across the region.

–  The Ottoman Empire was centered in present-day Turkey.

Section 3


•  The modern era:

–  Iraq has experienced periods of turmoil since it gained independence in 1932.

–  Turkey was established as a country in 1923.

–  Iranians have experienced political and social upheavals over the years.

Section 3


•  The era of oil:

–  Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela formed the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in order to regulate oil prices.

A.  A B.  B C.  C D.  D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which civilization created a writing system, code of law, and year-round farming?

A. Phoenician

B. Sumerian

C. Persian Empire

D. Ottoman Empire

Section 3

Religion and language shape everyday life in the Northeast sub region.

Culture

•  Language—mostly Arabic; Turkish in Turkey and Persian in Persia

•  Religion—mostly Shia Muslims in Iraq and Iran; Sunni Muslims in Turkey

Early Civilizations and Empires

Section 3

Culture (cont.)

•  Education—required through grade 6 in Iraq and grade 9 in Turkey; literacy rates are fairly high.

•  Health care—this varies, but is struggling in most areas.

•  The arts—early civilizations created sculptures, fine metalwork, and large buildings; literature is based on strong oral traditions, epics, and poetry.

A.  A B.  B C.  C D.  D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Before the Islamic Revolution, how many Iranians could read and write?

A. Less than 30%

B. Less than 40%

C. Less than 50%

D. Less than 60%

Section 3-End

Section 4-GTR

The Arabian Peninsula

What has affected the modern development of the Arabian Peninsula?

Section 4-GTR

•  sheikhdom


•  Ibadhism

•  labor

•  shari′ah •  emir •  hajj

•  dominant •  priority

Section 4-GTR

A. Kuwait


B. Saudi Arabia C. Bahrain D. Oman E. Yemen F. United Arab

Emirates G. Qatar

A.  A B.  B C. C D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which natural element has had a profound impact on this region?

A. Rivers

B. Mountains

C. Desert areas

D. Rainforests


Section 4

A shared religion, a common language, and rapid modernization have formed today’s Arabian Peninsula.

Population Patterns

•  Most people in this region are Arabs.

Section 4



–  Bedouin still roam the large Arabian Desert, but many have migrated to cities.

–  Population densities can be high in cities.

–  The discovery of oil in the early 1900s led to increased wealth, modernization, and immigration in many Arab countries.

The Arabian Peninsula: Citizens and Foreign Nationals

A.  A B.  B C. C D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What percentage of the people in the United Arab Emirates are citizens?

A. 5–10%

B. 15–20%

C. 20–30%

D. 30–45%

Section 4

Conquering empires and unified governments have imposed cultures on the peoples of the Arabian Peninsula that remain influential to this day.


•  Early cultures and conquests:

–  One of the oldest centers of civilization in the area existed in Yemen between the 1100s B.C. and the A.D. 500s.

The Spread of Islam

Section 4


–  The region struggled against invasion by the Ottoman Empire and others.

–  The Unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932.

Section 4



–  Countries throughout the region gained independence slowly.

–  Standards of living vary widely across the region and even within countries.

A.  A B.  B C. C D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Oman have which type of government?

A. Democracy

B. Communist

C. Monarchy

D. Oligarchy

Section 4

Religious beliefs and a common language influence everyday life on the Arabian Peninsula.

Culture

•  Religion—Sunni and Shia Muslim

•  Language—Arabic

Section 4

Culture (cont.)

•  Education—most young people attend school and literacy rates are high in certain areas.

•  Health care—this varies widely.

•  The arts—architecture provides some of the best examples of art.

•  Celebrations—Id al Adha, Ramadan

A.  A B.  B C. C D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which country has given secondary and post-secondary education a priority?

A. Kuwait

B. Qatar

C. Bahrain

D. Oman

Section 4-End

Section 5-GTR

Central Asia

How have geography and climate created challenges for Central Asia?

Section 5-GTR

•  enclave

Central Asia

•  maintain

•  exclave •  mujahideen

•  imposed

Section 5-GTR

A. Afghanistan

Central Asia

B. Turkmenistan C. Tajikistan D. Uzbekistan E. Armenia F. Georgia G. Kazakhstan

A.  A B.  B C. C

Section 5

Afghanistan consists mainly of what type of geography?

A. Desert

B. Mountainous

C. Marshland

Central Asia

A B C

0% 0%0%

Section 5

Invasions, domination by numerous empires, and the rugged landscape have created challenges for Central Asia.

Population Patterns

•  The people:

–  Pashtun

–  Armenians

Section 5


–  Georgians

–  Turkic—Uzbeks and Kazakhs

Ethnic Groups in Central Asia

Section 5



–  The population is spread unevenly across its mountainous terrain.

–  Afghanistan is the most populous country in the sub region.

A.  A B.  B C. C D. D

Section 5

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

How many ethnic groups and nationalities live in the Caucasus area?

A. More than 30

B. More than 50

C. More than 80

D. More than 100

Section 5

The location of Central Asia has left the region’s people vulnerable to centuries of invasion and to new challenges in the modern era.


•  Ancient cities/cultures:

–  Georgia

–  The kingdom of Urartu

–  Samarqand

Section 5


•  Conquests:

–  Genghis Khan

–  Alexander the Great

–  Persians

–  Arabs

–  Ottoman Turks

–  The Russian Empire

The Silk Road

Section 5


•  Enclaves:

–  Armenia

–  Azerbaijan

Section 5



–  Numerous countries declared independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991.

–  Countries, such as Tajikistan and Afghanistan, still struggle for freedom.

Section 5

The people of Central Asia share many cultural characteristics and experiences.

Culture

•  Language—the majority speak a form of the Turkic languages.

•  Religion—Islam, mostly Sunni

Section 5

Culture (cont.)

•  Education—it is universal across this region and mandatory through secondary schools in a few countries.

•  Health care—these are lacking.

•  The arts—they have a rich literary history.

VS 1

Ethnicity and Culture •  North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia has

been a cultural crossroads for much of human history.

•  The region has two important cultural hearths in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley.

•  The region has a large amount of ethnic diversity. Many customs, languages, and beliefs are represented here.

•  This diversity of peoples has led to conflict in parts of the region.

VS 2

Location and Trade •  The region’s fertile rivers and

central location made the land a valuable resource.

•  Empires in the region grew rich from trade. As Europe grew more skilled at sea travel, the empires’ powers grew weaker.

•  Oil has helped make the region wealthy again. It has also led to conflict as countries fight over the rights to oil reserves in the region.

VS 3

The Importance of Religion

•  Religion is very important to the people of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia.

•  Three of the world’s major religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—have deep roots here.

•  It is also home to the holiest sights of these religions. Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca) in Saudi Arabia. Jerusalem is the Jewish capital and religious center. Christians also hold Jerusalem close, because many of Jesus’ acts took place there.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

DFS Trans 1

DFS Trans 2

DFS Trans 3

DFS Trans 4

DFS Trans 5

Vocab1

nomad a member of a wandering pastoral people

Vocab2

bedouin member of the nomadic desert peoples of North Africa and Southwest Asia

Vocab3

infrastructure the basic urban necessities like streets and utilities

Vocab4

domesticate to adapt plants and animals from the wild to make them useful to people

Vocab5

hieroglyphic belonging to an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures and symbols represent words or sounds

Vocab6

geometric boundary a fixed limit or extent that follows straight lines

Vocab7

nationalism belief in the right of each people to be an independent nation

Vocab8

monotheism belief in one God

Vocab9

prophet person believed to be a messenger from God

Vocab10

mosque in Islam, a house of public worship

Vocab11

culture hearth a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward

Vocab12

cuneiform Sumerian writing system using wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets

Vocab13

qanat underground canal used in water systems of ancient Persians

Vocab14

natural boundary a fixed limit or extent defined along physical geographic features such as mountains and rivers

Vocab15

embargo a ban on trade

Vocab16

ziggurat large step-like temple of mud brick built in ancient Mesopotamia

Vocab17

sheikhdom territory ruled by an Islamic religious leader

Vocab18

shari′ah Islamic law derived from the Koran and the teachings of Muhammad

Vocab19

emir a prince or ruler in Islamic countries

Vocab20

hajj in Islam, the yearly pilgrimage to Makkah

Vocab21

Ibadhism a conservative form of Islam distinct from Sunni and Shia sects

Vocab22

enclave a region or community (as within a country or city) made up of people of a different race or cultural background

Vocab23

exclave distinct group of people who are isolated from the main or larger part of a country

Vocab24

mujahideen Islamic guerrilla fighters

Help

To navigate within this Presentation Plus! product: Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.

Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.

Click the Return button to return to the main presentation.

Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.

Click the Help button to access this screen.

Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.

Links to Maps in Motion, static maps and charts, and transparencies appear near the bottom of slides as they are relevant.

Links to the Reference Atlas and Geography Online are located on the navigation bar of most screens.

End of Custom Shows

This slide is intentionally blank.

Chapter 18

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 18