Chapter 17 world history

The Diversity Of American Colonial

Societies 1530-1770By Teonna Butler

pd. 7

The Columbian Exchange ❏ A. Demographic Changes

- New World people lacked immunity to diseases from Old World-Small pox, measles, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever, pulmonary pleague- Diseases caused native people decline in Spanish & Portuguese colonies

❏ B. Transfer of Plants & Animals- European, Asian, and African food crops were introduced to Americas- Introduction of European livestock influenced environments and cultures of the Americas- Old World livestock destroyed Amerindian farmer crops

The Columbian Exchange

Spanish America & Brazil❏ A. State and Church

- Spanish crown tried to exert control over Amerindian colonies- Years of neglect and mismanagement Portuguese appointed viceroy to Brazil - Governmental institutions established developed bureaucracies that thwarted economic initiative and political experimentation

Spanish America & Brazil - Catholic Church transferred European language, culture, and christian beliefs to New World- Catholic clergy converted Amerindians some secretly kept native beliefs and practices- Catholic clergy protected Amerindians from exploitation and abuse

Spanish America & Brazil

- Bartolome De Las Casas denounced policies toward Amerindians-Catholic Missionaries frustrated as Amerindian converts blended Christian beliefs -The Church founded universities and secondary schools

Spanish America & Brazil❏ B. Colonial economies

- Latin America economies dominated by silver mines and sugar plantations - Spanish economy dominated by Alto Peru (Bolivia) & Peru silver mines-Silver Mining required forced labor led to deforestation and poisoning


- Agricultural economy dominated Spanish America -Spanish settlers used forced- labor system of Encomienda - The Mita system forced labor


- Portuguese developed African slave- labor sugar plantation system-Brazilian plantation used Amerindian slaves -Silver and sugar integrated American colonial economies to World trade

World trade routes

Spanish America & Brazil ❏ C. Society in Colonial Latin

America- The elite had small number of immigrants large numbers of descendants (creoles)- Under colonial rule cultural diversity differentiation eroded- African descent played roles in Spanish history

Spanish America & Brazil - Slaves & free blacks participated in conquest and settlement - Direct slave trade increased the number of blacks declined legal status- Africa retained different cultural identities traditions blended European & Amerindian languages

Spanish America & Brazil - Slaves engaged agricultural labor forced to submit discipline & punishments - Portuguese immigrants controlled politics & economy Africans largest ethnic group- Growing population of individuals were known as castas ( Mestizos & Mulattos)

English & French Colonies in North America

❏ A. Early English Experiments -Attempts to establish colonies in Americas ended in failure- In 17th century hope colonies proved profitable investments successfully colonized Ireland- Led to new wave of interest in establishing colonies in the New World


❏ B. The South - The Virginia company established Jamestown on James River 1606 - English Crown took our management in 1624- Virginia developed tobacco plantation economy with dispersed population


- Plantations in Chesapeake Bay area relied on servants for labor- Planters prefer to invest in slaves: Slaves population increased in 1660 -Virginia administered governor by representatives in House of Burgesse


- House of Burgesses developed democratic representation same time as slavery increase- Colonists prospered fur trade with deer hunter-Consequences included environmental damage brought by over hunting


- dependency on goods caused fighting over hunting grounds- unsuccessful Amerindian attacks on English colonists in early 1700’s - Southern part of Carolinas - settled by planters

English & French Colonies in North America - Developed by slave labor plantation economy, rice, and indigo- Enslaved Africans & their descendants formed majority population- Colonial South Carolina most hierarchical society in North America


❏ C. New England - Pilgrims wanted to break from Church of England established Plymouth colony- Puritans wanted to reform joint stock company (Massachusetts Bay Colony)- Massachusetts Bay Colony : normal gender balance increased population, homogeneous, hierarchical


- Political institutions derived of charter: elected governor lower legislative house- Massachusetts economy: dependence on fur, forest products, fish, commerce shipping.- Merchants engaged diversified trade made Boston largest city in America

English & French Colonies in North America ❏ D. Middle Atlantic Region

- Manhattan colonized by Dutch, taken by english, named New York- Became commercial and shipping center- Derived benefit as outlet for grain exports to Caribbean and Europe.


- Pennsylvania developed colony for Quakers - Developed grain - exporting colony with Philadelphia - Pennsylvania;s grain produced by free family farmers. Substantial number of Germans


❏ E. French America - Expansion driven by fur trade resulted in depletion of beaver and deer populations-French settlement resembled Spain & Portugal and were committed to missionary work - Fur trade provided Amerindians firearms which increased violence

French expansion


- Catholic missionaries attempted to convert population of French America- Meeting indigenous resistance turned their attention to work with french settlements - Settlements dependent on fur trade it was small and grew slowly

English & French Colonies in North America - Patterns of settlements allowed Amerindians to preserve degree of independence - French expanded west & south establishing second fur trading colony -Expansion led to war with England (defeated) and forced yield on Canada to English and cede Louisiana to Spain

Colonial Expansion and Conflict ❏ A. Imperial reform in Spanish and Brazil

- Spain's new Bourbon dynasty undertook administrative reforms- Threatened by Jesuits influences monarchs were expelled from American colonies- Bourbon policies were detrimental to interests of grazing and agricultural export economies

Spain’s Bourbon Dynasty & American colonies

Colonial Expansion and Conflict - New monopolies aroused opposition from creole elites whose only gain from reforms were militia leaders- Bourbon policy's factor in Amerindian uprisings included uprisings led by Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui- Rebellion suppressed after two years and cost Spanish colonies over 100,00 lives and property damage

Colonial Expansion and Conflict

- Brazil underwent economic expansion and administrative reform in 1700s- Economic expansion fueled by fold, diamonds, coffee, and cotton- The Pombal reforms paid for importation of nearly 2 million African slaves and underwrote British imports.

Colonial Expansion and Conflict ❏ B. Reform and Reorganization in British

America - British Crown tried to control smuggling and manufacture by passing Navigation Acts.- Colonists resisted by overthrowing governors of New York and Massachusetts by removing Catholic proprietor of Maryland- Economic growth and new immigration in British colonies was accompanied by increased urbanization

British Crown, Navigation Acts, & British colonies

CONCLUSION

❏ A. Political & Economic Comparisons - Amerindians in Spain, Portugal, france, and England experienced European Subjugation-Catholic powers gained the most wealth and developed centralized control- British colonial governments were likely to develop colonial governments

Amerindians in Spain Portugal and France

CONCLUSION ❏ B. Environment & Cultural Comparisons

- Environments underwent change from introduction of European technology animals, and plants. Lost natural resources to European markets- Catholic nations forced cultural uniformity more religiously and ethnically - British colonies welcomed Larger influx European migrants than other new World colonies

Catholic Nations, Plants, & Animals (European)

Chapter 17 world history

Education

Transcript of Chapter 17 world history