Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 17.5 Protein Synthesis 1

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Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. 17.5 Protein Synthesis. Initiation of Protein Synthesis. For the initiation of protein synthesis, an mRNA attaches to a ribosome the start codon (AUG) in mRNA forms hydrogen bonds to methionine on tRNA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Page 1: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

17.5 Protein Synthesis

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Page 2: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Initiation of Protein Synthesis

For the initiation of protein synthesis,• an mRNA attaches to a ribosome• the start codon (AUG) in mRNA forms hydrogen bonds to

methionine on tRNA• the second codon attaches to a tRNA with the next

amino acid • a peptide bond forms between the adjacent amino acids at the first

and second codons

During chain elongation, the ribosome moves along the mRNAfrom codon to codon, attaching new amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

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Page 3: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Initiation of Protein Synthesis

An activated tRNA with anticodon AGU bonds to serine at the acceptor stem.

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Page 4: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Translocation

Once the peptide bond is formed, the initial tRNA detaches from the ribosome, which shifts to the next available codon, a processcalled translocation.During translocation,

• the first tRNA detaches from the ribosome

• the ribosome shifts to the adjacent codon on the mRNA

• a new tRNA/amino acid attaches to the open binding site

• a peptide bond forms and that tRNA detaches

• the ribosome shifts down the mRNA to read the next codon

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Page 5: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Peptide Formation

Peptide chain starts to form

Anticodons UAC AGA AGA GAG

• • • • • • • • • • • •

AUG UCU CUC UCU CUC UUU

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Met Ser

Met

Ser LeutRNA

Ribosome Ribosome shifts

Page 6: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Protein Synthesis: Translation6

Page 7: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Termination

In the termination step,

• all the amino acids are linked

• the ribosome reaches a “stop” codon: UGA, UAA, or UAG

• there is no tRNA with an anticodon for the “stop” codons

• the polypeptide detaches from the ribosome

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Page 8: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Termination

Once the polypeptide is released, • the R groups of the amino acids in the new polypeptide can

form hydrogen bonds to give the secondary structures of α helices, β-pleated sheets, or triple helices

• chains form cross-links such as salt bridges and disulfide bonds to produce tertiary and quaternary structures, which makes it a biologically active protein

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Page 9: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check

Assign each of the following terms to a definition or concept.activation initiation translocation termination

A. Ribosomes move along mRNA, adding amino acids to a growing peptide chain.

B. A completed peptide chain is released.C. A tRNA attaches to its specific amino acid.D. A tRNA binds to the AUG codon of the mRNA on the

ribosome.

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Page 10: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution

Assign each of the following terms to a definition or concept.activation initiation translocation termination

A. Ribosomes move along mRNA, adding amino acids to a growing peptide chain. translocation

B. A completed peptide chain is released. terminationC. A tRNA attaches to its specific amino acid. activation D. A tRNA binds to the AUG codon of the mRNA on the ribosome.

initiation

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Page 11: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary of Protein Synthesis11

Page 12: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Complementary Sequences in DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and Peptides12

Page 13: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check

The following section of DNA is used to build mRNA for a protein.

—GAA—CCC—TTT—

A. What is the corresponding mRNA sequence?

B. What are the anticodons on the tRNAs?

C. What is the amino acid order in the peptide?

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Page 14: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution

A. What is the corresponding mRNA sequence?

—CUU—GGG—AAA—

B. What are the anticodons for the tRNAs?

GAA for CUU; CCC for GGG; UUU for AAA

C. What is the amino acid order in the peptide?

—CUU—GGG—AAA—

Leu — Gly — Lys

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Page 15: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check

Place the following statements in order of their occurrence inprotein synthesis.

A. mRNA attaches to a ribosome.

B. The ribosome moves along mRNA to add amino acids tothe growing peptide chain.

C. A completed polypeptide is released.

D. A tRNA brings an amino acid to its codon on mRNA.

E. DNA produces mRNA.

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Page 16: Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution

Place the following statements in order of their occurrence inprotein synthesis.

E. DNA produces mRNA.

A. mRNA attaches to a ribosome.

D. A tRNA brings an amino acid to its codon on mRNA.

B. The ribosome moves along mRNA to add amino acids to the growing peptide chain.

C. A completed polypeptide is released.

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