Chromosome, Karyotype and Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities Dr.Aida Fadhel Biawi 2013.
Chapter 17 Large-Scale Chromosomal Changes Changes in Chromosome NumberChanges in Chromosome Shape.
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Transcript of Chapter 17 Large-Scale Chromosomal Changes Changes in Chromosome NumberChanges in Chromosome Shape.
Euploidy
• euploidy: change of chromosome number involving 1 or more whole genomes– autopolyploidy = doubling of genome from
“wild type” (e.g., tetraploid from diploid, hexaploid from triploid)
– allopolyploid = doubling of genome from hybrid of two distinct taxa (e.g., varieties, species, genera)
Examples of ploidy levels
Balanced (normal meiosis)
• 2n = diploid• 4n = tetraploid• 6n = hexaploid• 8n = octoploid• and so on
Unbalanced (abnormal meiosis)
• 1n = monoploid• 3n = triploid• 5n = pentaploid• 7n = heptaploid
[usually hybrids of ploidy levels on left]
Facts about polyploidy and allopolyploids
• Uncommon in animals but abundant (ancient and ancestral?) in plants
• Recent genetic research shows allopolyploids far more common than autopolyploids—different from theory
• Many allopolyploids found with multiple origins—contrary to evolutionary paradigm of “single origin” for species
Meiotic pairing in triploids—> unbalanced gametes (sterility)
Mules have 63 chromosomes, a mixture of the horse's 64 and the donkey's 62. The different structure and number prevents the chromosomes from pairing up properly and creating successful embryos, rendering mules infertile.
Famous Examples of Allopolyploid Complexes
• Appalachian Asplenium ferns—several diploids, triploid hybrids, several tetraploids
• Domesticated coffee (Coffea arabica)--parentage documented through molecular cytogenetic “chromosome painting”
• Dandelions, roses, blackberries--more complicated groups that also do agamospermy (sex without seeds)
Evolutionary consequences of polyploidy
• polyploids often more physiologically “fit” than diploids in extreme environments
• polyploids reproductively isolated from original ploidy levels, may eventually differentiate
• allopolyploids commonly occupy ecological niches not accessible to parental types
• opportunities for gene silencing or chromosomal restructuring without disastrous consequences
Summary
• polyploids common in plants• autoploids formed by doubling of “wild type” genome,
allopolyploids from doubling of hybrid• allopolyploids far more common than autopolyploids• polyploids often more “fit” than parent(s), often in niches
different from parent(s)• opportunities for evolutionary change through gene
silencing or chromosome restructuring
Facts about aneuploids
• Rare in animals, always associated with developmental anomalies (if they survive)
• Most well known examples in human genetic diseases
• Common in plants, sometimes show phenotypes, sometimes not
Deletion origin of “cri du chat” syndrome
see hear: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYQrzFABQHQ
Inversions cause diverse changes
breakpointsbetween genes
1 breakpointbetween genes,1 within gene
breakpointswithin 2 genes
Chloroplast rearrangements
• Great evolutionary significance in reconstructing relationships among land plant lineages
• Can easily be screened for by PCR amplification of “universal” chloroplast gene primer pairs flanking large regions of chloroplast
Judd et al. (2002)
Chloroplast rearrangements
• Major inversions found in certain groups of families of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and several groups of angiosperms
• Loss of one copy of inverted repeat in a few families!
• Numerous losses of certain introns across angiosperms (e.g., rpl2 in Cactaceae)
• Differences in size of large single-copy region by expansion or contraction of intergenic spacers
Summary• each different chromosomal change shows
characteristic meiotic pairing as a “signature”• deletions in diploids often have grave
consequences; in polyploids do not but may lead to differentiation of new organisms
• duplications (in plants) generally have few or no consequences, often provide additional genes for evolutionary processes to act on (silencing, co-option by different functions)