Chapter 16/17: Immune system Lecture Chapter 16: Nonspecific defenses First line of defense Formed...
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Transcript of Chapter 16/17: Immune system Lecture Chapter 16: Nonspecific defenses First line of defense Formed...
![Page 1: Chapter 16/17: Immune system Lecture Chapter 16: Nonspecific defenses First line of defense Formed elements Second line of defense Complement system Chapter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649ebc5503460f94bc45bb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 16/17: Immune system
Lecture
Chapter 16: Nonspecific defensesFirst line of defenseFormed elementsSecond line of defenseComplement system
Chapter 17: Specific defensesAntibodiesHumoral responseCellular response
Lab
SSE Unknowns
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Susceptibility- Lack of resistance to a disease
Resistance/ immunity- Ability to ward off disease
Innate (nonspecific) immunity- Resistance to all microbes;present from birth (can be species specific)
Adaptive (specific) resistance- Resistance to a specific pathogen
Immunity terminology
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Host defense systems
Figure 16.1 - Overview (1 of 3)
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First lines of defense(Table 16.3)
Figure 16.2
Figure 16.3
Figure 16.4 (2 of 3)
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First line of defense- skin
-Physical factors* Dermis and epidermis* Lots of keratin * Dry conditions, low temperature
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First line of defense- skin
-Physical factors* Dermis and epidermis* Lots of keratin* Dry conditions, low temperature
-Chemical factors* Sebum (includes fungistatic and bacteriostatic fatty acids)
* Low pH * High salt * Lysozymes (sweat)* IgA (sweat)
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First line of defense- skin
-Physical factors* Dermis and epidermis* Lots of keratin* Dry conditions, low temperature
-Chemical factors* Sebum (includes fungistatic and bacteriostatic fatty acids)
* Low pH * High salt * Lysozymes (sweat)* IgA (sweat)
- Normal microbiota
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First line of defense- mucosal surfaces
-Physical factors* Mucous production* Cilia* Hairs
Trappedparticlesin mucus
Cilia
Goblet cells
Ciliated cells
Computer-enhanced
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First line of defense- mucosal surfaces
-Physical factors* Mucous production* Cilia* Hairs
Trappedparticlesin mucus
Cilia
Goblet cells
Ciliated cells
Computer-enhanced
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First line of defense- mucosal surfaces
-Physical factors* Mucous production* Cilia* Hairs
-Chemical factors* Lysozymes* Lactoferrin* Defensin ( and )* IgA
Trappedparticlesin mucus
Cilia
Goblet cells
Ciliated cells
Computer-enhanced
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First line of defense- mucosal surfaces
-Physical factors* Mucous production* Cilia* Hairs
-Chemical factors* Lysozymes* Lactoferrin* Defensin ( and )* IgA
-Normal microbiota
Trappedparticlesin mucus
Cilia
Goblet cells
Ciliated cells
Computer-enhanced
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First line of defense- lacrimal apparatus
-Physical factors* Tears
-Chemical factors* Lysozyme* Defensin ()* IgA
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Second line of defense:Formed Elements in Blood
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SEM of formed elements
Bruce Wetzel (photographer). Harry Schaefer (photographer)National Cancer Institute
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Complete blood count (CBC)
Type of cell Increase Decrease
RBC ErythrocytosisPolycythemia
Anemia
WBCs Leukocytosis Leukopenia - lymphocytes Lymphocytosis Lymphocytopenia
- granulocytes Granylocytosis Granulocytopenia
- neutrophils Neutrophilia Neutropenia
- eosinophils Eosinophilia Eosinopenia
Platelets Thrombocytosis Thrombocytopenia
ALL cell lines
Pancytopenia
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Self-study for Thursday
- Preview the following processes:
- Phagocytosis- Fever- Inflammation- Complement proteins
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Figure 16.6
Figure 16.7 - Overview
Second line of defense:Phagocytosis
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Microbial evasion of phagocytosis
• Inhibit adherence: M protein, capsules
Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae
• Kill phagocytes: Leukocidins
Staphylococcus aureus
• Lyse phagocytes: Membrane attack complex
Listeria monocytogenes
• Escape phagosome Shigella
• Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion
HIV
• Survive in phagolysosome
Coxiella burnetti and Mycobacteria spp
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-Usually set at 37° C
-Some chemical signals set it higher-Cytokine interleukin-1-Cytokine alpha-tumor necrosis factor-Prostoglandins reset hypothalamic thermostat
Second line of defense:Fever
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1. Chemicals released1. Histamine2. Kinins3. Prostaglandins4. Leukotrienes
2. Vasodilation
3. Increased permeability
4. Activation of acute phase proteins
(5. Clot formation, abscess,tissue repair)
Second line of defense:Inflammation
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Inflammation-chemical signals
• Histamine Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
• Kinins Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
• Prostaglandins Intensity histamine and kinin effect
• Leukotrienes Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment
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Inflammation
MORE DETAIL:
Vasodilation/ increasedPermeability - Margination WBCs - Emigration WBCs
Activation of acute-phase proteins - Cytokines - Kinins - Complement proteins - (Interferons)
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Complement system
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Pit stop
People with Rhinovirus infections of the nose andthroat have an 80-fold increase in kinins and noincrease in histamine. What do you expect for
Rhinovirus symptoms? What disease is caused byRhinovirus?