Chapter 16THE AGONY OF

RECONSTRUCTION

Chapter 16THE AGONY OF

RECONSTRUCTION

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

Federal agency that aided freed slaves Helped them get food, housing, education,

health care, and employment contracts

Federal agency that aided freed slaves Helped them get food, housing, education,

health care, and employment contracts

Civil War AmendmentsCivil War Amendments

Granted the following rights to African Americans: 13th – Freedom 14th – Citizenship (equal protection + due

process) 15th – Suffrage

Granted the following rights to African Americans: 13th – Freedom 14th – Citizenship (equal protection + due

process) 15th – Suffrage

The President Versus CongressThe President Versus Congress

President Johnson (Democrat) sought speedy reconstruction with minimum changes in the South

Congress (Republicans) sought slower reconstruction, demanded protection for freedmen

President Johnson (Democrat) sought speedy reconstruction with minimum changes in the South

Congress (Republicans) sought slower reconstruction, demanded protection for freedmen

President Johnson President Johnson

"THE FREEDMAN'S BUREAU! An Agency to keep the NEGRO in idleness at the EXPENSE of the white man. Twice vetoed by the PRESIDENT, and made a law by CONGRESS. Support Congress & you support the negro. Sustain the

President and you protect the white man."

"THE FREEDMAN'S BUREAU! An Agency to keep the NEGRO in idleness at the EXPENSE of the white man. Twice vetoed by the PRESIDENT, and made a law by CONGRESS. Support Congress & you support the negro. Sustain the

President and you protect the white man."

Wartime ReconstructionWartime Reconstruction

Lincoln announced lenient policy in 1863

Republican Congress wanted to condition readmission to Union on black suffrage Mistrusted white Southerners

Lincoln announced lenient policy in 1863

Republican Congress wanted to condition readmission to Union on black suffrage Mistrusted white Southerners

Republican CongressRepublican Congress

Radical Republicans insisted on black suffrage Feared that South would fall under great

planter control without black suffrage

Radical Republicans insisted on black suffrage Feared that South would fall under great

planter control without black suffrage

Radical Reconstruction Plan Enacted (1867)

Radical Reconstruction Plan Enacted (1867)

Radical Republicans overrode Johnson’s vetoes

Put South under military rule until black suffrage fully secured

Radical Republicans overrode Johnson’s vetoes

Put South under military rule until black suffrage fully secured

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

Term Southerners gave to Northerners who moved south during Reconstruction

Term Southerners gave to Northerners who moved south during Reconstruction

ScalawagsScalawags

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction

Carpetbaggers + scalawags cooperated to form Republican state governments

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction

Carpetbaggers + scalawags cooperated to form Republican state governments

ReconstructionReconstruction

The Impeachment CrisisThe Impeachment Crisis

1868: Congress impeached Johnson Tenure of Office Act

Senate refused to convict Johnson By 1 vote

Radical Republicans seen as subverting Constitution, lost public support

1868: Congress impeached Johnson Tenure of Office Act

Senate refused to convict Johnson By 1 vote

Radical Republicans seen as subverting Constitution, lost public support

Reorganizing Land and LaborReorganizing Land and Labor

Ex-slaves wanted to work their own land Most land reverted to white owners

Contract labor Sharecropping Crop lien system

Ex-slaves wanted to work their own land Most land reverted to white owners

Contract labor Sharecropping Crop lien system

Black CodesBlack Codes

South very segregated after War Black Codes designed to return blacks to

quasi-slavery

South very segregated after War Black Codes designed to return blacks to

quasi-slavery

The Election of 1868The Election of 1868

KKK + Democratic Party are just continuations of the Confederacy

KKK + Democratic Party are just continuations of the Confederacy

Retreat from ReconstructionRetreat from Reconstruction

Grant’s weak principles contributed to failure

Panic of 1873 raised “the money question” Soft currency (greenbacks) vs. hard currency

(gold/silver)

Grant’s weak principles contributed to failure

Panic of 1873 raised “the money question” Soft currency (greenbacks) vs. hard currency

(gold/silver)

A Reign of Terror Against BlacksA Reign of Terror Against Blacks

1870s: Ku Klux Klan terrorized blacks to keep them from voting

1870s: Ku Klux Klan terrorized blacks to keep them from voting

Cartoon threatening KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, 1868

Cartoon threatening KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, 1868

Spoilsmen Versus ReformersSpoilsmen Versus Reformers

Rumors of corruption during Grant's first term discredited Republicans

Lots of scandal in Grant’s second term

Rumors of corruption during Grant's first term discredited Republicans

Lots of scandal in Grant’s second term

The Election of 1872The Election of 1872

The Compromise of 1877The Compromise of 1877

Special Congressional commission gave disputed vote for president to Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) Southern Democrats accepted on two

conditions: Guarantee of federal aid to the South Removal of all remaining federal troops

Ends Reconstruction

Special Congressional commission gave disputed vote for president to Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) Southern Democrats accepted on two

conditions: Guarantee of federal aid to the South Removal of all remaining federal troops

Ends Reconstruction

“Redeeming” a New South“Redeeming” a New South

"Redeemers" came to power after Radical Reconstruction fell in the Southern states Gained power by doctrine of white supremacy

"Redeemers" came to power after Radical Reconstruction fell in the Southern states Gained power by doctrine of white supremacy

Redeemers (Conservatives) Take Over State GovernmentsRedeemers (Conservatives)

Take Over State Governments

The Rise of Jim CrowThe Rise of Jim Crow

Jim Crow laws legalized segregation and restricted black civil rights

Lynching—over 180 blacks lynched yearly 1889–1899

Federal government did little or nothing to prevent it

Jim Crow laws legalized segregation and restricted black civil rights

Lynching—over 180 blacks lynched yearly 1889–1899

Federal government did little or nothing to prevent it

The revival of the KKK 1915

The revival of the KKK 1915