Chapter 16Chapter 16Section 3Section 3

Voyages of Voyages of

Portugal andPortugal and

SpainSpain

Chapter ReviewChapter Review► People could make $ by sharing in other People could make $ by sharing in other

businesses through businesses through what kind of companies?what kind of companies?►MercantilismMercantilism states that a country’s states that a country’s

government should do they could to increase government should do they could to increase their country’s ______their country’s ______

► The government would show its support of The government would show its support of domestic industry by providing domestic industry by providing subsidies subsidies which are what?which are what?

►Why did Colonization appealed to Europeans?Why did Colonization appealed to Europeans?► Ptolemy stated the universe was Ptolemy stated the universe was geocentric geocentric

_____ _____________ ________► heliocentric heliocentric is where the universe is centered is where the universe is centered

around the ___around the ___

Portugal’s First ExplorersPortugal’s First Explorers

►Portugal and Spain were the first nations to Portugal and Spain were the first nations to make voyages into unknown watersmake voyages into unknown waters

►{Portugal’s explorations were inspired by {Portugal’s explorations were inspired by Prince HenryPrince Henry}} aka “The Navigator” aka “The Navigator”

►Henry inspirations for exploration were gold, Henry inspirations for exploration were gold, the spice trade and the spread of the spice trade and the spread of ChristianityChristianity

►Henry, with the help of Europe's finest Henry, with the help of Europe's finest geographers and navigators, funded geographers and navigators, funded explorations of the Atlantic westward and explorations of the Atlantic westward and southward down the coast of Africa where southward down the coast of Africa where they traded for slaves gold and ivorythey traded for slaves gold and ivory

Prince Henry

His voyages are in this color

Continued….Continued….

► Bartolomeu Dias Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Although he had to turn at the southern tip of Africa. Although he had to turn back he had found the route to the Indian Oceanback he had found the route to the Indian Ocean

► Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama sailed eastward along the Indian sailed eastward along the Indian Ocean and landed in India in 1498Ocean and landed in India in 1498

► Thanks to these explorers trade routes were now open Thanks to these explorers trade routes were now open between Europe, India and the East Indiesbetween Europe, India and the East Indies

► This was good because in many cases it was cheaper This was good because in many cases it was cheaper and easier to carry goods by ship rather than on landand easier to carry goods by ship rather than on land

► Plus merchants could not be blocked or charged high Plus merchants could not be blocked or charged high tolls by competing powers that controlled other routestolls by competing powers that controlled other routes

Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias

Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama

And one of his maps

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus► Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus, having studied the writings of having studied the writings of

Ptolemy on the Earth being round, insisted there was a Ptolemy on the Earth being round, insisted there was a quicker path to get to India by sailing westward quicker path to get to India by sailing westward

► King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain funded his King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain funded his expeditionexpedition

► In August of 1492 Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain with In August of 1492 Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain with the the NinaNina, the , the PintaPinta, and the , and the Santa Maria Santa Maria across the Atlanticacross the Atlantic

► They landed at a tiny island that Columbus named San They landed at a tiny island that Columbus named San Salvador on October 12, 1492.Salvador on October 12, 1492.

► After exploring the surrounding islands, Columbus returned After exploring the surrounding islands, Columbus returned to Spain in 1493. Believing he had been to the Islands off to Spain in 1493. Believing he had been to the Islands off the east coast of India, he named the islands the Indiesthe east coast of India, he named the islands the Indies

► Columbus made three more voyages to the “Indies” Columbus made three more voyages to the “Indies” between 1493 and 1504.between 1493 and 1504.

► He died not knowing that he had actually “discovered*” the He died not knowing that he had actually “discovered*” the AmericasAmericas

► *The Viking explorations were unknown at that time *The Viking explorations were unknown at that time

The Impact of Columbus’s The Impact of Columbus’s VoyagesVoyages

► {{Trade between America and EuropeTrade between America and Europe became became known as the known as the Columbian Exchange}Columbian Exchange}

► Products, plants, animals and disease passed between Products, plants, animals and disease passed between the Eastern and Western hemispheresthe Eastern and Western hemispheres

► Many changes were brought about due to the Many changes were brought about due to the Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

► American foods such as potatoes, tomatoes, beans and American foods such as potatoes, tomatoes, beans and corn were brought to Europe. corn were brought to Europe.

► Horses were brought to the Americas, changing life for Horses were brought to the Americas, changing life for the Native Americans the Native Americans

► Not all the changes were good. Not all the changes were good. {The Columbian {The Columbian Exchange had a deadly effect on people of the Exchange had a deadly effect on people of the Americas} Americas}

► European sailors brought with them small pox and other European sailors brought with them small pox and other diseases resulting in the death of millionsdiseases resulting in the death of millions

=

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

Dividing the New LandsDividing the New Lands

► At this time there were conflicts over who At this time there were conflicts over who discovered what between Spain and Portugaldiscovered what between Spain and Portugal

► In 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued an edict that In 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued an edict that drew a line from N to S through the middle of drew a line from N to S through the middle of the Atlantic the Atlantic

► Spain got rights to all newly discovered lands to Spain got rights to all newly discovered lands to the west of that line, Portugal got the east sidethe west of that line, Portugal got the east side

►One year later, the One year later, the {{Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas moved moved the dividing line of trade between Spain and the dividing line of trade between Spain and Portugal further west}Portugal further west}

►Over time Spain controlled most of Central and Over time Spain controlled most of Central and South America and Portugal got Brazil and lands South America and Portugal got Brazil and lands on the eastern and western coasts of Africa as on the eastern and western coasts of Africa as well as lands in Asia and the East Indieswell as lands in Asia and the East Indies

Vespucci, Balboa and Vespucci, Balboa and MagellanMagellan

► In his several expeditions across the Atlantic, In his several expeditions across the Atlantic, {{Amerigo Amerigo VespucciVespucci believed that Columbus did not land in Asia} believed that Columbus did not land in Asia}

► Later a German mapmaker, impressed with Vespucci’s Later a German mapmaker, impressed with Vespucci’s theory, named the land America.theory, named the land America.

► In 1513 Nunez Balboa of Spain, crossed the Isthmus of In 1513 Nunez Balboa of Spain, crossed the Isthmus of Panama (overland) proving that the New World was not Panama (overland) proving that the New World was not a part of Asiaa part of Asia

► Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan set out form Spain in 1519 with 5 set out form Spain in 1519 with 5 ships and sailed southward down the eastern shore to ships and sailed southward down the eastern shore to the tip of South America. the tip of South America.

► After passing through the isthmus there (and naming it After passing through the isthmus there (and naming it after himself) he found in self in a vast ocean, which he after himself) he found in self in a vast ocean, which he named the Pacific Ocean because it was so calmnamed the Pacific Ocean because it was so calm

► He sailed on to the Philippines, where he died. He sailed on to the Philippines, where he died. ► His crew sailed on and in 1522 returned to Spain making His crew sailed on and in 1522 returned to Spain making

the first round the world journey.the first round the world journey.

►Magellan died Magellan died in the in the Philippines on Philippines on his way back his way back to Spain in a to Spain in a battle with the battle with the natives natives

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade► The Portuguese went to Africa to trade. At first The Portuguese went to Africa to trade. At first

maintaining friendly relations with Africansmaintaining friendly relations with Africans► Friendly relations soon crumbled when the Friendly relations soon crumbled when the

actual interests of the Portuguese (gold and actual interests of the Portuguese (gold and over time, slaves) became obviousover time, slaves) became obvious

► The slave trade grew quickly when Portuguese The slave trade grew quickly when Portuguese set up sugar plantations off the coast of Africaset up sugar plantations off the coast of Africa

► Later the Dutch, English and French also Later the Dutch, English and French also became active in the slave tradebecame active in the slave trade

► By the early 1600’s that was the chief focus of By the early 1600’s that was the chief focus of relations with Africarelations with Africa

► Europeans also tried to enslave Native Europeans also tried to enslave Native Americans, but it did not work well because the Americans, but it did not work well because the Europeans kept killing them with diseaseEuropeans kept killing them with disease

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

► {The selling of slaves from Africa for goods, became {The selling of slaves from Africa for goods, became known as known as the triangular tradethe triangular trade}}

► The The Middle PassageMiddle Passage was the shipment of slaves from was the shipment of slaves from Africa to the Americas where they were sold for goods Africa to the Americas where they were sold for goods the plantations producedthe plantations produced

► To complete the triangle merchants sent the To complete the triangle merchants sent the plantations products to Europeplantations products to Europe

► The Middle Passage was brutal and degrading. Slaves The Middle Passage was brutal and degrading. Slaves were chained in the crowded hold of the ship. This was were chained in the crowded hold of the ship. This was done so the slaves could not jump overboarddone so the slaves could not jump overboard

► They had little food or water and no sanitary facilities. They had little food or water and no sanitary facilities. Many died before reaching the mainlandMany died before reaching the mainland

► It has been estimated that 10 million Africans were It has been estimated that 10 million Africans were brought to America by way of the Middle Passage brought to America by way of the Middle Passage

African Kingdoms and African Kingdoms and SlaverySlavery

►During the 1400’s and 1500’s strong states During the 1400’s and 1500’s strong states began to rise in West Africabegan to rise in West Africa

► Though not all participated, Though not all participated, {some African {some African tribes participated in slave trade with Europe}tribes participated in slave trade with Europe}

► African societies practiced slavery far before African societies practiced slavery far before the arrival of the Europeansthe arrival of the Europeans

► BUT.. slaves in Africa could gain freedom and BUT.. slaves in Africa could gain freedom and had a distinct role in societyhad a distinct role in society

► Europeans on the other hand viewed slaves as Europeans on the other hand viewed slaves as property and treated them accordinglyproperty and treated them accordingly

► As demand for slaves increased, population and As demand for slaves increased, population and losses had horrible effects on Africa’s losses had horrible effects on Africa’s development and progressdevelopment and progress

The Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire WeakensWeakens

► The Portuguese empire declines as fast as it The Portuguese empire declines as fast as it grewgrew

► They did not have the financial means to hold They did not have the financial means to hold and support such a vast empireand support such a vast empire

► Thousand of soldiers and sailors were needed Thousand of soldiers and sailors were needed to maintain and expand an empire. But due to to maintain and expand an empire. But due to shipwrecks and battles many never returned shipwrecks and battles many never returned from overseasfrom overseas

►With its small population Portugal could not With its small population Portugal could not replace the losses replace the losses

► In 1580 Spain annexed Portugal. They did not In 1580 Spain annexed Portugal. They did not regain their independence until 1640regain their independence until 1640

►Only Brazil and Angola survived as major Only Brazil and Angola survived as major Portuguese coloniesPortuguese colonies

Section ReviewSection Review

►Who inspired Portugal’s exploration?Who inspired Portugal’s exploration?►What did the Trade between America What did the Trade between America

and Europe became known as?and Europe became known as?►What affect did the Colombian What affect did the Colombian

exchange have on the Americas? exchange have on the Americas? ►What explorer believed that Columbus What explorer believed that Columbus

did not land in Asiadid not land in Asia►What did the selling of slaves from What did the selling of slaves from

Africa for goods, became known as?Africa for goods, became known as?