Chapter 16: Russia and the Caucasus. Section 1: Psychical Geography Read Section 1 of chapter 16...
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Transcript of Chapter 16: Russia and the Caucasus. Section 1: Psychical Geography Read Section 1 of chapter 16...
Section 1: Psychical Geography
Read Section 1 of chapter 16 with a partner or alone and then fill out the questions for chapter 16 section 1 in your note packets
Early History and Empire
AD 800’s Viking traders from Scandinavia invaded the Slavs. These Vikings were called the Rus (Roos) which is probably where the word Russia comes from.
The Vikings shaped the first Russian state among the Slavs; Kiev (now the capital of Ukraine)
Missionaries introduced the Christian faith to Kiev.
Introduced the Greek alphabet Cyrillic as well; Russians adopted this alphabet and still use it today.
1200’s Mongol invaders called the Tartars conquered Kiev.◦ Allowed Russian Princes to rule
over local states◦ Muscovy became the string
central state; its main city was Moscow.
Early History and Empire
Ivan III (Muscovy’s prince) seized control of the Mongols.
In 1540’s is grandson, Ivan IV, crowned himself Czar (emperor) or Russian for Caesar.◦ Cruel and savage ruler
he became known as Ivan the Terrible.
Muscovy developed into the country of Russia; strong czars built Russia into a huge empire and world power.
Remained a country of poor farmers while the czars and nobles had most of the wealth.
1900’s Russians began demanding improvements.
War and Revolution
1914 Russia entered WWI◦Suffered huge loses/Food shortages
When the Czar seemed to ignore peoples hardship they rose up against him and he was forced to give up his throne in 1917.
Bolsheviks (radical Russian communist party) seized power in the Russian revolution ◦Killed the Czar and his family◦1922 formed a new country the USSR (Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics)◦First leader was Vladimir Lenin
The Soviet Union
The Soviet union, led by Lenin, became a communist country.◦The government owns
all property and controls all aspects of life.
◦1924 Lenin died and Joseph Stalin too power ruling as a brutal dictator.
Stalin◦Command Economy-
the government owns all businesses and farms and makes all the decisions.
◦Strictly controlled the people of Russia and the economy.
◦Anyone who spoke out against the government was jailed, exiled or killed. Gulags- Harsh Soviet
labor camps in Siberia
Cold War and Collapse
During WWII Russia fought with the Allies against Germany. ◦ When millions of Russians
died, Stalin wanted to build to buffer around Russia to protect it from invasion so he began to set up communist governments in Eastern Europe.
◦ US opposed communism, this led to the Cold War A period of time of tense
rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States.
1980’s Soviet economy was near collapse due to high costs of weapons
Gorbachev (Soviet Leader) started to reduce government control and introduce some democracy.
Soviet republics began to push for independence
1991 Soviet Union collapsed (broke into 15 countries including Russia)
Culture
Russia is very diverse with more than 140 million people◦Ethnic Russians◦Slavs◦Tartars◦Ukrainians
Religion:◦Russian Orthodox
Christian (mainly)◦ Islam◦Buddhism◦Other forms of
Christianity
◦St. Basil’s Cathedral In Moscow’s Red Square Ivan IV built it in
honor of Russian military victories.
Culture
Customs◦ Religious holidays like
Christmas and Easter, the main family holiday is New Years Eve.
◦ New Holiday in Russia is Russian Independence Day which marks the end of the Soviet Union on June 12th.
Arts and Sciences◦ Russian Ballet companies
are world famous◦ Space Research-
1957 launched Sputnik (the first artificial satellite in space)
◦ Faberge Eggs- covered in emeralds and rubies
◦ Famous composers Peter Tchaikovsky-
produced “The Nutcracker”
Government
Federal Republic- A system in which power is divided between national and local governments. ◦President- voters elect and serves as the
country's chief executive◦Prime minister-(appointed by president) serves
as head of the government◦Federal assembly-makes the country's laws◦Increased democracy led to more freedom for
Russians
Economy
Market Economy- economy based off of free trade and competition.
Russian government has greatly reduced its control of the economy, more businesses and farms are privately owned.
Service industries make up the largest part of Russia’s economy
Exports:◦Oil/Natural Gas/ timber/ metals and chemicals◦Grains/ Fruits/ potatoes/ sugar beets
City and Rural Life
Cities◦75% of Russians live in
cities◦More restaurants and
shops◦Consumer goods such
as TVS are more readily available
◦Russians are becoming wealthier and having a more luxurious lifestyle.
◦Large parks and wooded areas
Rural◦Dachas- Russian
country houses owned buy wealthier Russians throughout Russia
Cultural Regions Jigsaw Activity
You will be split into groups and given a region within Russia to read together as a group (pgs. 390-393)
You need to come up with at least 3 facts that describe your region to share with the class
You will be given 10 minutes to do this and then will be called up to the board to write your facts down for the class
History
Located in the Caucasus mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
Caucasus’s reflect a range of cultural influences; many people who have invaded the area before left pieces of their culture behind ◦ Persians◦ Greeks◦ Romans◦ Arabs◦ Turks◦ Mongols
Russians took control of much of the Caucasus in the early 1800’s.◦ Ottoman Turks controlled
was is now Western Armenia Overtime Turks began to
distrust Armenians and started to abuse and kill them in the early 1900’s.
During WWI- Turks forced all Armenians to leave (ethnic cleansing)
Turks lost WWI and had to give up Armenia
History
After WWI Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia all gained independence.
1920’s they became part of the Soviet Union
1991 the Caucasus republics achieved true independence.
The Caucasus Today
Had to create new governments and economies once they became independent
Similar governments with an elected president, appointed prime minister and elected parliament that makes laws
The Caucasus Today
Georgia◦ Located east of the Black
Sea
◦ Tbilisi is the capital
◦ 70% of people living in Georgia are ethnic Georgians
◦ Most belong to the Christian orthodox church
◦ Language- Georgian
◦ They have their own Alphabet
Since 1991 they have struggled with unrest and civil war
2003- forced out their president in a peace Rose revolution
Unrest has hurt their economy but international aid is helping to improve it
Economy is based on services and farming
Famous for their wine and resort areas near the black sea.
The Caucasus Today
Armenia◦ Located south of Georgia,
small landlocked country (not much bigger then Maryland)
◦ Capital- Yerevan
◦ Almost all people are ethnic Armenian
◦ Most people belong to the Armenian orthodox church
◦ 1990’s fought a war against neighboring country Azerbaijan, Armenia wanted an area with an Armenian population in Azerbaijan to become apart of Armenia
◦ Cease fire in 1994
◦ War hurt the economy, international aid is helping to restore it Diamonds is becoming a big
industry in Armenia