CHAPTER 16 POLITICS AND REFORM 1877 - 1796. SPRITE CHART S - ocial P - olitical R - eligious I -...

CHAPTER 16

POLITICS AND REFORM 1877 - 1796

SPRITE CHART

• S - ocial• P - olitical• R - eligious• I - ntellectual• T - echnological• E - conomic

• WHAT'S GOING ON IN THE WORLD?

WORDS OF THE DAY

• 1. BESIEGE - PG. 495• 2. HUSBANDRY - PG. 502• 3. PERPETUATE - PG. 510

WARM UP QUESTIONS

• 1. FROM WHAT SOURCES DID GROVER CLEVELAND GAIN SUPPORT IN THE 1884 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?

• 2. HOW DID THE FARMERS' ALLIANCE TRY TO HELP FARMERS?

• 3. HOW DID SOUTHERN STATES RESTRICT AFRICAN AMERICAN VOTING IN THE 1890S?

16-1 STALEMATE IN WASHINGTON

• A CAMPAIGN TO CLEAN UP POLITICS• PROMPTED BY THE ASSASSINATION OF

JAMES A. GARFIELD• 1881• CHARLES GUITEAU• SPOILS SYSTEM• GOVERNMENT JOBS FOR ELECTION

SUPPORT• APPROVAL VS. DISAPPROVAL• 1870S REFORM MOVEMENT WAS

GAINING SUPPORT


• STALWARTS AND HALFBREEDS• STALWARTS• REPUBLICAN SUPPORTERS OF THE SPOILS

SYSTEM• HALFBREEDS• REPUBLICANS WHO SUPPORTED REFORM AND A

MERIT SYSTEM• RUTHERFORD B. HAYES• INITIATED REFORM WHEN HE BECAME PRESIDENT

IN 1877• HAYES AGREED THE STALWARTS FOR THIS

REASON AND FOR ABANDONING RECONSTRUCTION

• NEW REPUBLICAN TICKET - • JAMES GARFIELD AND CHESTER ARTHUR


• PENDLETON ACT• GEORGE PENDLETON• PASSED BY CONGRESS IN 1883• SIGNED BY PRESIDENT ARTHUR• GAVE THE PRESIDENT THE POWER TO DECIDE

WHICH JOBS WOULD BE FILLED ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

• *COMPETITION AND EXAMINATION• APPOINTMENTS COULD NOT BE REMOVED FOR

POLITICAL REASONS• ARTHUR STARTED A SHIFT AWAYS FROM THE

SPOILS SYSTEM• 14,000 JOBS PLACED UNDER THE CIVIL SERVICE


• TWO PARTIES, NECK AND NECK• REPUBLICANS HELD A VOTING EDGE IN NEW

ENGLAND AND THE UPPER MIDWEST• *PARTY OF REFORM AND DEFENDER OF

TRADITIONAL AMERICAN MORALS AND VALUES• PRESERVERS OF THE UNION• SUPPORTERS -• 1. BIG BUSINESSES• 2. FORMER UNION SOLDIERS• 3. PATRIOTIC INDIVIDUALS• 4. FARMERS ON THE PLAINS• 5. PROTESTANTS• HAD AN EDGE IN IN THE SENATE


• DEMOCRATS• *PARTY OF PERSONAL LIBERTY• DOMINATED THE SOUTH• SUPPORTERS - • 1. BIG CITIES• 2. CATHOLICS• 3. IMMIGRANTS• HAD AN EDGE IN THE HOUSE OF

REPRESENTATIVES


• REPUBLICANS WON 4 OF THE 6 ELECTIONS HELD BETWEEN 1876 AND 1896

• SOMETIMES THESE WERE VERY CLOSE ELECTIONS

• THAT'S WHEN SWING STATES AND ELECTORAL VOTES COME INTO PLAY

• EXPLAIN THESE TWO TERMS• WITH REPUBLICANS BEING SO SUCCESSFUL, WHY

DID THE REPUBLICANS HAVE PROBLEMS?• 1. HOUSE - DEMOCRATS• 2. SENATE - REPUBLICANS• ???CURRENT COMPARISONS???


• DEMOCRATS RECLAIM THE WHITE HOUSE• ELECTION OF 1884• REPUBLICANS REMAIN DIVIDED OVER REFORM• DEMOCRATS TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THAT• DEMOCRATS SOUGHT THE VOTES OF PRO-

REFORM REPUBLICANS• HOW?• THEY NOMINATED GOVERNOR GROVER

CLEVELAND OF NEW YORK• HE WAS A NORTHERNER WHO OPPOSED TAMMANY

HALL • CORRUPT DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL MACHINE IN

NEW YORK• THE REPUBLICANS NOMINATED JAMES BLAINE• POPULAR AMONG THE REPUBLICANS


• MANY VOTERS BELIEVED CORRUPTION WAS THE MAIN PROBLEM IN THE GOVERNMENT

• THUS THEY STARTED TO FOCUS THEIR ATTENTION ON THE PERSONAL MORALS OF THE CANDIDATES

• THIS CAUSED A PROBLEM FOR BLAINE• HOW?• *HE HAD BEEN ACCUSED OF PROFITING

FINANCIALLY FROM A POLITICAL FAVOR HE DID FOR THE UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD DURING THE CREDIT MOBILIER SCANDAL


• SOME REFORMERS REFUSED TO SUPPORT BLAINE BECAUSE OF THIS

• THEY SUPPORTED CLEVELAND• MUGWUMPS• *MORALITY - HELP THE COUNTRY MORE

THAN YOU HELP YOUR PARTY• THEY BELIEVED BLAINE WAS TOO

ENTRENCHED IN THE "OLD" SYSTEM TO MAKE REFORMS

• CLEVELAND AT THIS TIME ALSO FACED MORAL CRITICISM

• WHAT WAS IT AND HOW DID HE HANDLE IT?


• SO NOW WHAT DOES BLAINE DO TO MAKE UP FOR LOSING THE SUPPORT OF THE MUGWUMPS?

• *HE TRIED TO GET THE CATHOLIC VOTE• HOW?• HE ALSO LOST THE SUPPORT OF PRO-

TEMPERANCE REPUBLICANS IN NEW YORK• *BLAINE LOST NEW YORK BY

APPROXIMATELY 1000 VOTES AND THUS THE ELECTION


• A PRESIDENT BESIEGED BY PROBLEMS• CLEVELAND COULD NOT MAKE ANYONE HAPPY• WHY?• ECONOMIC ISSUES SOON TOOK OVER• THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION• GROWTH OF INDUSTRY• GROWTH OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT• WORKER UNREST• STRIKES• POLICE AND PAID GUARDS• CLUBS AND VIOLENCE• 1886 BOMB EXPLOSION IN HAYMARKET SQUARE


• RAILROADS WOULD SOON BECOME A PROBLEM FOR INDIVIDUALS

• SMALL BUSINESSES AND FARMERS COULD NOT AFFORD THEIR RATES

• LARGE BUSINESSES COULD NEGOTIATE BETTER RATES AND REBATES

• CUSTOMERS BELIEVED THAT THE SERVICE RATES WERE HIGH AND THAT THEY WERE BEING TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF

• THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WAS SLOW TO STEP IN


• SOME STATE LEGISLATURES REACTED THOUGH• THEY ATTEMPTED TO REGULATE RAILROAD FREIGHT

RATES• WABASH V. ILLINOIS 1886• ILLINOIS COULD NOT RESTRICT THE RATES THAT THE

WABASH CHARGED FOR TRAFFIC INTERSTATE• CONGRESS RESPONDED IN 1887• INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION (ICC)• 1ST FEDERAL LAW DESIGNED TO REGULATE

INTERSTATE COMMERCE• 1. LIMITED RATES TO WHAT WAS REASONABLE• 2. FORBADE REBATES TO HIGH VOLUME USERS• 3. ILLEGAL TO CHARGE HIGHER RATES FOR SHORTER

HAULS• WAS THIS EFFECTIVE????


• DEBATing TARIFFS• CHARGE OR TAX ON GOODS• TARIFFS WERE HIGH ON IMPORTED GOODS• DEMOCRATS WANTED THE TARIFFS CUT• INITIALLY PROTECTED WEAK DOMESTIC

MANUFACTURING AFTER THE CIVIL WAR• 1880S LARGE AMERICAN COMPANIES CAN

COMPETE INTERNATIONALLY• DEMOCRATS FEARED FOREIGN COUNTRIES

WOULD DO THE SAME• 1887 PRESIDENT CLEVELAND PROPOSED TO

MODERATELY LOWER THEM• THE HOUSE SUPPORTED IT BUT SENATE DIDN'T


• REPUBLICANS REGAIN POWER• BENJAMIN HARRISON • REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE• SUPPORTED TARIFF PROTECTION FOR

INDUSTRIALISTS• GROVER CLEVELAND • DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE• AGAINST UNNECESSARY HIGH TARIFFS• EXTREMELY CLOSE RACE• HARRISON WON THE ELECTION BUT LOST THE

POPULAR VOTE• HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE????


• THE MCKINLEY TARIFF• THE ELECTION OF 1888 GAVE REPUBLICANS FULL CONTROL• ADDRESSED MANY OF THE NATIONAL ISSUES OR DID

THEY????• MCKINLEY TARIFF• 1. CUT TOBACCO TAXES• 2. CUT TARIFFS ON RAW SUGAR• 3. INCREASED TARIFFS ON TEXTILES• WHY?• WHAT AFFECT DID THIS HAVE ON THE FEDERAL

GOVERNMENT?• 1. LOWERED REVENUES• 2. FEDERAL SURPLUS DIMINISHED TO A DEFICIT• OTHER LEGISLATION• PENSIONS FOR VETERANS WERE RAISED


• THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT• THE REPUBLICAN CONGRESS TRIED TO

BREAK UP TRUSTS• LARGE COMBINATIONS OF COMPANIES

DOMINATING CERTAIN MARKETS• JOHN SHERMAN• SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT 1890• "COMBINATION IN ANY FORM OF

TRUST...OR CONSPIRACY, IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE OR COMMERCE AMONG THE SEVERAL STATES."


• COURTS HAD TO ENFORCE THIS• VAGUE• THEY DID NOT ENFORCE IT• EXAMPLE• AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY• COURTS AGREED IT WAS A TRUST• BUT THEY WERE NOT IN ANY VIOLATION• WHY?• MANUFACTURING WAS NOT INTERSTATE

COMMERCE• AFTER THIS OTHER COMPANIES DID THE SAME

THING• SMALL BUSINESSES AND FARMERS LOST FAITH AT

THIS POINT IN BOTH PARTIES


REVIEW QUESTIONS1. WHAT WAS THE SPOILS SYSTEM?2. IDENTIFY THE STALWARTS AND THE

HALFBREEDS.3. DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF THE

PENDLETON ACT.4. WHAT PROBLEMS WERE SEEN

WITHIN THE MCKINLEY TARIFF?5. HOW AFFECTIVE WAS THE SHERMAN

ANTITRUST ACT?

16-2 POPULISM

• UNREST IN RURAL AMERICA• POPULISM• MOVEMENT TO INCREASE FARMER'S POLITICAL POWER

AND TO WORK FOR LEGISLATION IN THEIR INTEREST• THE NEED FOR THIS AROSE POST CIVIL WAR• PROBLEMS:• 1. FARM PRICES HAD DROPPED

-TECHNOLOGY-GREATER SUPPLY EQUALS LOWER PRICES

• 2. HIGH TARIFFS -HIGH MANUFACTURED GOODS -HARDER TO SELL GOODS OVERSEAS

3. BIG BUSINESS - HIGH PRICES OF BANKS AND RAILROADS

16-2 POPULISM

• THE MONEY SUPPLY• GREENBACKS• PAPER CURRENCY THAT COULD NOT BE

EXCHANGED FOR GOLD OR SILVER COINS• EXPANDED DURING THE CIVIL WAR• THIS EXPANSION CAME WITHOUT THE SALE

OF GOODS• INFLATION• DECLINE IN THE VALUE OF MONEY• THIS MADE PRICES SOAR

16-2 POPULISM

• AFTER THE CIVIL WAR THERE WERE 3 TYPES OF CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION

• 1. GREENBACKS• 2. GOLD/SILVER COINS• 3. NATIONAL BANK NOTES• NOW THE GOVERNMENT IS TRYING TO SLOW

DOWN INFLATION• WHAT DID THEY DO?• 1. STOPPED PRINTING GREENBACKS• 2. STARTING PAYING OFF THEIR BONDS (BANK

NOTES)• 3. 1873 THEY STOPPED MAKING SILVER COINS• THE CRIME OF '73• HOW DID ALL OF THESE THINGS AFFECT THE US?

16-2 POPULISM

• 1. THERE WAS NOT ENOUGH MONEY IN CIRCULATION TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE GROWING ECONOMY

• 2. THIS BROUGHT ABOUT DEFLATION• AN INCREASE IN THE VALUE OF MONEY AND A

DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF PRICES• DEFLATION HURTS FARMERS• HOW?• FARMERS HAD TO BORROW MONEY FROM BANKS

FOR SUPPLIES• SINCE MONEY WAS IN SHORT SUPPLY, INTEREST

RATES WERE HIGH• THIS AFFECTED LOANS AND MORTGAGES• FARMERS ALSO SOLD THEIR CROPS FOR LESS

16-2 POPULISM

• SO HOW ARE FARMERS GOING TO REACT TO THIS

• THEY WANTED THE GOVERNMENT TO• 1. PRINT MORE GREENBACKS• 2. MINT SILVER COINS• NEITHER OF THESE WERE DONE• SO NOW FARMERS ARE STARTING TO

ORGANIZE AND WORK TOGETHER • THE GRANGE TAKES ACTION• OLIVER H. KELLEY• DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE• FARMING REGIONS WERE IN DISTRESS AND

ISOLATION AFTER 1865• 1ST NATIONAL FARM ORGANIZATION• THE PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY - GRANGE

16-2 POPULISM

• AT FIRST THIS WAS A SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION

• THIS CHANGED WITH THE 1873 RECESSION • FARM INCOME FELL DRAMATICALLY AND FARMERS

NEEDED HELP• THEY JOINED• APPROX. 1.5 MILLION MEMBERS BY 1874• *HOW DID THIS GROUP ATTEMPT TO HELP FARMERS?• 1. PRESSURED STATE LEGISLATURES TO REGULATE

RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE RATES• 2. INDEPENDENT NATIONAL PARTY • THEY PRESSURED THE GOVERNMENT TO PRINT

MORE GREENBACKS• 3. COOPERATIVES - MARKETING ORGANIZATIONS

THAT WORKED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THEIR MEMBERS

16-2 POPULISM

• FARMERS ALWAYS WORKED IN COMPETITION OF EACH OTHER

• COOPERATIVES POOLED FARMERS' CROPS TOGETHER

• HELD THE CROPS OFF OF THE MARKET• FORCED PRICES UP• NEGOTIATED BETTER SHIPPING RATES • THE GRANGE FAILS• NONE OF THEIR STRATEGIES WORKED• 1. WESTERN STATES PASSED GRANGER LAWS

BUT RAILROADS FOUGHT BACK• HOW?• 1. CUTTING SERVICES• 2. REFUSAL TO LAY NEW TRACK

16-2 POPULISM

• 2. THE GREENBACK PARTY FAILED• AMERICANS DID NOT SUPPORT IT• THEY DID NOT BELIEVE THAT IT WOULD

HOLD ITS VALUE• 3. COOPERATIVES FAILED• THEY WERE TOO SMALL TO HAVE A REAL

AFFECT ON PRICES• BUSINESSES REFUSED TO WORK WITH

THEM• THE FARMERS' ALLIANCE• FORMED AS THE GRANGE FELL APART• TEXAS• MEMBERSHIP GREW STEADILY• CHARLES W. MACUNE• RECRUITMENT OUTSIDE OF TEXAS

16-2 POPULISM

• THE ALLIANCE GROWS• 1880S LOCAL CHAPTERS WERE BEING ORGANIZED• 1890• 1.5 AND 3 MILLION MEMBERS• SOUTH AND GREAT PLAINS• KANSAS, NEBRASKA, NORTH/SOUTH DAKOTA• ORGANIZED LARGE COOPERATIVES • EXCHANGES• PURPOSE• 1. RAISE FARM PRICES• 2. MAKE LOANS TO FARMERS AT LOW RATES• *TEMPORARY AND LIMITED SUCCESS

16-2 POPULISM

• THE PEOPLE'S PARTY• EMERGED AFTER THE FAILURE OF THE

LARGE COOPERATIVES• *WHY DID THEY FAIL?• 1. LOANED TOO MUCH MONEY THAT WAS

NEVER REPAID• 2. THEY WERE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST BY

BANKS, RAILROADS, ETC.• 3. THEY WERE TOO SMALL TO AFFECT THE

WORLD PRICES FOR FARM GOODS• IT IS AT THIS TIME THAT POPULISM

STARTED TO RISE

16-2 POPULISM

• ALLIANCE LEADERS FROM WESTERN STATES WANTED TO FORM A NEW PARTY AND PUSH FOR POLITICAL REFORMS

• KANSAS ALLIANCE• PEOPLE'S PARTY• POPULISTS• NOMINATED CANDIDATES TO RUN FOR CONGRESS

AND STATE LEGISLATURE• NEBRASKA, SOUTH DAKOTA, MINNESOTA

FOLLOWED• THE SUBTREASURY PLAN• MOST SOUTHERN LEADERS OPPOSED THIS THIRD

PARTY PLAN • MACUNE

16-2 POPULISM

• THEY DID NOT WANT TO HURT THE SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS

• HE WANTED TO TRADE DEMANDS FOR VOTES WITHIN THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY

• HE HOPED THIS WOULD HELP GET SUPPORT FOR THE ALLIANCE

• SUBTREASURY PLAN• CALLED FOR THE GOVERNMENT TO SET UP

WAREHOUSES FOR FARMERS TO STORE CROPS AND THE GOVERNMENT WOULD PROVIDE LOW-INTEREST LOANS TO THE FARMERS

• PURPOSE - • HOLD LARGE QUANTITIES OF CROPS OFF OF THE

MARKET AND RAISE THE PRICES

16-2 POPULISM

• THE RISE OF POPULISM• 1890• FARMERS ALLIANCE• OCALA, FLORIDA• OCALA DEMANDS• GUIDE FOR FARMERS TO HELP THEM CHOOSE

WHO TO VOTE FOR IN 1890• 1. SUBTREASURY PLAN• 2. FREE COINAGE OF SILVER• 3. END PROTECTIVE TARIFFS• 4. REGULATIONS FOR RAILROADS• ETC.

16-2 POPULISM

• REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS TRIED TO FIGHT THIS

• SENATOR JOHN SHERMAN• SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 1890• US TREASURY WOULD PURCHASE 4.5

MILLION OUNCES OF SILVER PER MONTH• *THIS PUT MORE MONEY INTO CIRCULATION• BUT SLIGHTLY REDUCED DEFLATION AND

DID LITTLE TO HELP FARMERS• *THUS DID NOT HURT THE POPULISTS

16-2 POPULISM

• MIDTERM ELECTIONS IN 1890 WERE SUCCESSFUL FOR THE PEOPLE'S PARTY AND THE ALLIANCE

• WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STRATEGIES WERE SUCCESSFUL

• EXAMPLES• SOUTH • FOUR GOVERNORS WERE ELECTED AFTER

PROMISING TO SUPPORT THE ALLIANCE PROGRAM

• WEST• POPULISTS TOOK FULL CONTROL OF KANSAS AND

NEBRASKA LEGISLATURES

16-2 POPULISM

• THE SOUTH TURNS TO POPULISM• SOUTHERN LEADERS OF THE FARMERS'

ALLIANCE WERE INITIALLY HAPPY• THEY HAD GREAT SUCCESS IN THE

NATIONAL AND STATE ELECTIONS• BUT THE NEWLY ELECTED DEMOCRATS

FAILED KEEP THEIR PROMISE OF HELPING THE FARMERS

• AFTER STRUGGLING WITH WHETHER THEY SHOULD KEEP SUPPORTING THE DEMOCRATS OR SWITCH PARTIES, MANY DEMOCRATS DECIDED TO JOIN THE PEOPLE'S PARTY

16-2 POPULISM

• A POPULIST FOR PRESIDENT• JAMES B. WEAVER• FORMER UNION ARMY GENERAL• FOR GREENBACK PARTY NOMINEE• PLATFORM:• 1. DENOUNCED THE GOVERNMENT'S

REFUSAL TO COIN SILVER• 2. INCREASE THE MONEY SUPPLY BY

COINING UNLIMITED AMOUNTS OF SILVER• 3. FEDERAL OWNERSHIP OF RAILROADS• 4. GRADUATED INCOME TAX• 5. GUARD AGAINST GREEDY AND

IRRESPONSIBLE PRIVATE INTERESTS

16-2 POPULISM

• LABOR ISSUES• 6. EIGHT HOUR WORKDAY• 7. RESTRICTIONS ON IMMIGRATION• 8. DENOUNCED STRIKEBREAKING• THESE WERE ADDED TO THE PLATFORM TO

HELP PERSUADE WORKERS TO SUPPORT THE PEOPLE'S PARTY

• THIS DID NOT WORK• KNIGHTS OF LABOR• FEDERATION OF LABOR

16-2 POPULISM

• THE DEMOCRATS KNEW WHAT IT WOULD TAKE TO GET AND RETAIN NORTHERN SUPPORT

• GROVER CLEVELAND• WANTED ANOTHER CHANCE AT REELECTION• REMEMBER HARRISON IS THE REPUBLICAN

PRESIDENT IN OFFICE• HE ONLY HAD A NARROW VICTORY• THIS TIME HE WILL BE DEFEATED• CLEVELAND HAD A RESOUNDING VICTORY• WEAVER DID NOT DO TOO BAD• HE WON 4 STATES AND SPLIT TWO • 22 ELECTORAL VOTES

16-2 POPULISM

• THE PANIC OF 1893• MARCH• ECONOMIC CRISIS• PHILADELPHIA AND READING RAILROADS

DECLARED BANKRUPTCY• RAPID EXPANSION• DIFFICULTY REPAYING LOANS• STOCK MARKET CRASHED• BANKS CLOSED• 1894 DEEP DEPRESSION• 690,00 EMPLOYEES WENT ON STRIKE• 4.6 MILLION UNEMPLOYED

16-2 POPULISM

• GOLDBUGS AND SILVERITES• THE PANIC OF 1893 ALSO CAUSED PROBLEMS WITH

THE US TREASURY• HOW?• AMERICANS AND EUROPEAN INVESTORS OWNED US

GOVERNMENT BONDS• AFTER THE PANIC STARTED, THEY BEGAN CASHING IN

THEIR BONDS FOR GOLD• *THIS LEFT THE GOLD RESERVES DANGEROUSLY LOW• CLEVELAND COULD NOT STOP THE REDEEMING OF

GOLD FOR THE BONDS • BUT HE COULD STOP PEOPLE FROM EXCHANGING

SILVER FOR GOLD UNDER THE SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 1890

• HOW?

16-2 POPULISM

• HE CALLED CONGRESS INTO A SPECIAL SESSION AND HAD THE ACT REPEALED

• THIS ISSUE SPLIT THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY• GOLDBUGS• AMERICAN CURRENCY SHOULD BE BASED

ON GOLD• SILVERITES• COINING SILVER IN UNLIMITED QUANTITIES

WOULD SOLVE THE NATION'S ECONOMIC CRISIS

16-2 POPULISM

• THE ELECTION OF 1896• PEOPLE'S PARTY (FARMERS)• MADE SILVER THEIR MAIN ISSUE FOR THE

ELECTION• THEY BELIEVED THAT THE REPUBLICANS

WOULD ENDORSE THE GOLD STANDARD• AND THEY DID• THEY ALSO COUNTED ON THE DEMOCRATS

NOMINATING CLEVELAND AGAIN• THIS WAY THEY COULD PULL THE VOTES OF

THE PRO-SILVER DEMOCRATS• THIS TIME THEY WERE WRONG• THE DEMOCRATS NOMINATED WILLIAM

JENNINGS BRYAN• STRONG SUPPORTER OF SILVER

16-2 POPULISM

• NOW THE PEOPLE'S PARTY IS TORN ON WHETHER OR NOT TO *NOMINATE THEIR CANDIDATE AND RISK SPLITTING THE SILVER OR SUPPORT BRYAN AND UNDERMINE THE SEPARATE IDENTIFY OF THEIR PARTY

• *THEY CHOSE TO SUPPORT BRYAN• BRYAN'S CAMPAIGN• NEBRASKA • FORMER CONGRESSMAN• POWERFUL SPEAKER• SILVER WAS HIS FOCUS• SOME VOTERS WERE TURNED OFF BY HIS SPEAKING

STYLE AND HIS CONSTANT CAMPAIGNING• REPUBLICANS HAD TO FIND A CANDIDATE WHO

COULD SWEEP THE NORTHEAST AND MIDWEST• WILLIAM MCKINLEY

16-2 POPULISM

• THE FRONT PORCH CAMPAIGN• MCKINLEY• OHIO• FORMER CONGRESSMAN AND GOVERNOR• DID NOT TRAVEL AND CAMPAIGN AS HARD AS

BRYAN• FRONT PORCH CAMPAIGN• DELEGATIONS CAME TO VISIT HIM• PARTY LEADERS LAUNCHED HARD FOUGHT

CAMPAIGN FOR HIM IN THE MIDWEST AND NORTHEAST

• *THEY BLAMED CLEVELAND FOR THE DEPRESSION• FOCUS WAS A "FULL DINNER PAIL" NOT SILVER

16-2 POPULISM

• BUSINESSMEN SUPPORTED THE REPUBLICANS• THEY BELIEVED UNLIMITED SILVER COINAGE WOULD

RUIN THE COUNTRY• DONATED LARGE SUMS OF MONEY TO THE CAMPAIGN• ADVISED EMPLOYEES TO SUPPORT MCKINLEY• OTHER SUPPORT FOR MCKINLEY CAME FROM HIS • 1. MODERATION ON LABOR ISSUES• 2. TOLERANCE TOWARD DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS• MCKINLEY WON THE 1896 ELECTION DECISIVELY• BRYAN WON THE SOUTH AND WEST AS EXPECTED• BUT THEY HAD SMALL POPULATIONS AND FEW

ELECTORAL VOTES• *EMBRACING POPULISM HURT HIM IN INDUSTRIAL

AREAS WHERE VOTES WERE CONCENTRATED

16-2 POPULISM

• POPULISM DECLINES• DURING MCKINLEY'S TENURE IN OFFICE OPPOSITION TO

GOLD-BASED CURRENCY DWINDLED• THE DEPRESSION HAD ENDED• GOLD WAS BEING FOUND IN MANY PLACES• THIS INCREASED THE MONEY SUPPLY• IT WAS NOW EASIER FOR FARMERS TO GET CREDIT• NOW THERE IS NO NEED TO RELY ON SILVER• 1900 THE US OFFICIALLY ADOPTED A GOLD BASED

CURRENCY• GOLD STANDARD ACT• ONCE SILVER DIED DOWN, SO DID THE POPULISTS• THEY HAD LOST THEIR MOMENTUM• MUCH OF WHAT THEY HAD WORKED FOR FAILED• SOME REFORMS THOUGH WILL COME TO FRUITION LATER

16-2 POPULISM

REVIEW QUESTIONS1. DEFINE POPULISM. IDENTIFY WHY

FARMERS FELT THIS WAS AN OPTION.2. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

INFLATION AND DEFLATION?3. WHO STARTED THE GRANGE AND

WHY? HOW DID THE GRANGE ATTEMPT TO HELP FARMERS?

4. WHAT WAS THE SUBTREASURY PLAN?5. WHY DID THE SOUTH TURN TO

POPULISM?

16-3 THE RISE OF SEGREGATION

• RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION• 1892 ELECTION • RACIAL VIOLENCE• SOME SOUTHERN LEADERS WERE DEVISING

WAYS TO KEEP THEM FROM VOTING• H.S. DOYLE• YOUNG AFRICAN AMERICAN PREACHER• GAVE POPULIST SPEECHES FOR TOM WATSON• THIS WAS NOT ALLOWED IN GEORGIA• WHY DID HE TAKE THIS RISK?• UNITY OF POOR WHITES AND BLACKS AGAINST

THE WEALTHY WHITE ELITE


• *WATSON WOULD SOON BETRAY DOYLE• HE BECAME A POLITICAL BOSS• SET ASIDE HIS FORMER IDEAS• USED RACIST VERBIAGE• *AFTER RECONSTRUCTION AFRICAN AMERICANS

LIVED IN CONDITIONS LITTLE BETTER THAN SLAVERY• FREE BUT IMPOVERISHED• SHARECROPPERS • LANDLESS FARMERS WHO HAD TO GIVE THE

LANDLORD A LARGE PORTION OF THEIR CROPS TO COVER RENT, SEED, TOOLS, ETC.

• ALWAYS IN DEBT• WHEN THEY WERE ABLE TO LEAVE, THEY SOUGHT

JOBS IN TOWN OR MOVED WEST

16-3 THE RISE OF SEGREGATION• EXODUS TO KANSAS• 1879• BENJAMIN "PAP" SINGLETON• ORGANIZED A MASS MIGRATION OF THOUSANDS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS FROM THE RURAL

SOUTH TO KANSAS• WHY?• EXODUS• WHY?• FORMING A SEPARATE ALLIANCE• SOME AFRICAN AMERICANS FLED THE SOUTH• OTHERS JOINED POOR WHITES IN FORMING FARMERS' ALLIANCES• TEXAS• R.M. HUMPHREY• WHITE MINISTER• COLORED FARMERS' NATIONAL ALLIANCE• 1890• 1.2 MILLION MEMBERS• COOPERATIVES• MANY JOINED THE POPULIST PARTY IN 1891• WANTED POOR WHITES AND BLACKS TO CHALLENGE THE DEMOCRATS


• CRUSHING THE POPULIST REVOLT• POPULISM POSED A CHALLENGE TO THE DEMOCRATS• *ONLY IF POOR WHITES AND AFRICAN AMERICANS JOINED

TOGETHER AS POPULISTS• DEMOCRATS APPEALED TO RACISM• "BLACK REPUBLICANISM"• ELECTION OFFICIALS BEGAN MAKING VOTING FOR AFRICAN

AMERICANS HARDER AND HARDER• DISFRANCHISING AFRICAN AMERICANS• 15TH AMENDMENT• PROHIBITED STATES FROM DENYING CITIZENS THE RIGHT TO

VOTE ON THE BASIS OF "RACE, COLOR, OR PREVIOUS SERVITUDE."• *IT DID NOT KEEP THE GOVERNMENT FROM REQUIRING CITIZENS

TO • 1. BE LITERATE• 2. OWN PROPERTY• 3. PAY FEES• IN ORDER TO VOTE


• MISSISSIPPI• ALL CITIZENS REGISTERING TO VOTE HAD TO PA Y A

POLL TAX• $2.00• THIS WAS HIGH FOR POOR BLACKS• LITERACY TEST• PROSPECTIVE VOTERS HAD TO BE ABLE TO READ OR

UNDERSTAND THE STATE CONSTITUTION• 1. ILLITERATE• 2. NO SCHOOLS TO ATTEND• 3. COMPLICATED PASSAGES• OTHER STATES ADOPTED THIS• ALABAMA - FELL FROM 181,000 IN 1890 TO ABOUT 3700

IN 1900• *THIS DEVASTATED THE AFRICAN AMERICAN VOTE


• *ELECTION OFFICIALS WERE LESS STRICT ON APPLYING RESTRICTIONS TO WHITES

• WHITE VOTING STILL FELL SIGNIFICANTLY• LOCAL DEMOCRATIC LEADERS DID NOTHING TO

HELP THE WHITES EITHER• WHY?• SOME STATES THOUGH GAVE WHITES A SPECIAL

BREAK• GRANDFATHER CLAUSE• LOUISIANA• ALLOWED ANY MAN TO VOTE IF HE HAD AN

ANCESTOR ON THE VOTING ROLLS IN 1867• *THIS MADE ALMOST ALL FORMERLY ENSLAVED

CITIZENS INELIGIBLE TO VOTE


• LEGALIZING SEGREGATION• THERE WAS DISCRIMINATION IN BOTH THE NORTH AND

THE SOUTH• IT WAS MORE PROMINENT IN THE SOUTH• SEGREGATION• SEPARATION OF THE RACES• THIS WAS ENFORCED WITH JIM CROW LAWS• *IN 1883 THE SUPREME COURT SET THE STAGE FOR

LEGALIZED SEGREGATION BY OVERTURNING THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875

• THIS LAW PROHIBITED KEEPING PEOPLE OUT OF PUBLIC PLACES BECAUSE OF RACE AND PROHIBITED AGAINST RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN JURY SELECTIONS

• SUPREME COURT - 14TH AMENDMENT - "NO STATE" COULD DENY CITIZENS EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW


• PRIVATE BUSINESSES COULD DO WHAT THEY PLEASED• MANY LAWS WERE PASSED IN THE SOUTH THAT ENFORCED

SEGREGATION IN ALL PUBLIC PLACES• 1892 • HOMER PLESSY• CHALLENGED LOUISIANA LAW• HE RODE IN A "WHITES ONLY" RAILROAD CAR AND WAS ARRESTED• HE WENT TO TRIAL• JOHN H. FERGUSON FOUND HIM GUILTY• 1896 SUPREME COURT • PLESSY V. FERGUSON• UPHELD THE LOUISIANA LAW• "SEPARATE BUT EQUAL"• RACIAL VIOLENCE• LYNCHINGS• EXECUTIONS WITHOUT PROPER COURT PRECEEDINGS• ON AVERAGE 187 PER YEAR• 1890 - 1899• 80% IN THE SOUTH• 70% AFRICAN AMERICAN


• THE AFRICAN AMERICAN RESPONSE• 1892• IDA B. WELLS• JOURNALIST/EDITOR• TENNESSEE• FOUGHT AGAINST LYNCHINGS• GREED AND RACIAL PREJUDICE• MEMPHIS FREE SPEECH NEWSPAPER• 3 AFRICAN AMERICAN GROCERS WERE LYNCHED IN MEMPHIS • WHY?• SUCCESSFULLY COMPETING AGAINST WHITE GROCERS• THE PRESS FOR THE NEWSPAPER WAS DESTROYED• WELL WAS DRIVEN OUT OF TOWN• SHE CONTINUED HER WORK FROM CHICAGO• SHE PUSHED FOR FAIR TRIALS AND PUNISHMENTS AND ANTI-

LYNCHING LAWS• CONGRESS REJECTED IT• LYNCHINGS DECREASED• WHY?


• A CALL FOR COMPROMISE• BOOKER T. WASHINGTON• PROPOSED THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS

CONCENTRATE ON ACHIEVING ECONOMIC GOALS RATHER THAN LEGAL OR POLITICAL ONES

• COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION IN ATLANTA

• ATLANTA COMPROMISE• POSTPONE THE FIGHT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS AND

CONCENTRATE ON PREPARING YOURSELVES EDUCATIONALLY AND VOCATIONALLY FOR FULL EQUALITY


• VOICE OF THE FUTURE• W.E.B. DU BOIS• GREATLY DISAGREED WITH WASHINGTON• ACTIVIST• HE ARGUED THAT WHITE SOUTHERNERS

CONTINUED TO STRIP AFRICAN AMERICANS OF THEIR CIVIL RIGHTS DESPITE THEIR PROGRESS IN EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING

• AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD TO DEMAND THEIR RIGHTS

• VOTING WAS KEY


REVIEW QUESTIONS1. IDENTIFY H.S. DOYLE.2. IDENTIFY BENJAMIN SINGLETON.3. WHY DID SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS

EMPHASIZE "BLACK REPUBLICANISM"?

4.DESCRIBE HOW SOUTHERN STATES ATTEMPTED TO DISENFRANCHISE AFRICAN AMERICAN VOTERS.

5. WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLESSY V. FERGUSON 1896?

CHAPTER 16 POLITICS AND REFORM 1877 - 1796. SPRITE CHART S - ocial P - olitical R - eligious I -...

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Transcript of CHAPTER 16 POLITICS AND REFORM 1877 - 1796. SPRITE CHART S - ocial P - olitical R - eligious I -...