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Chapter 16 Part 3 ConstitutionalismEngland The Netherlands.
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Transcript of Chapter 16 Part 3 ConstitutionalismEngland The Netherlands.
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Chapter 16Part 3
ConstitutionalismEngland
The Netherlands
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Constitutionalism in Western Europe
1600-1725
Constitutionalism: Government’s power is
limited by law
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17th Century England
Capitalism = much social mobility The English Middle Class: numbers
up due to the Commercial Revolution
Improved agricultural techniques could feed a larger population
England had a bigger middle class in proportion to its population than any other country in Europe EXCEPT the Netherlands
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The Gentry
Wealthy land owners in the countryside dominated the House of Commons
Many had been middle class and had moved up
They relied on English law to limit the power of the King regarding economic and political matters
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The Gentry
They were willing to pay taxes so long as the House of Commons had a say in how the money was to be spent
In England, paying taxes held no stigma like it did in France and Spain
England was more egalitarian. The peasants were not as exploited
as in other European countries
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BUT
Taxation DID bring the House of Commons and the monarch into conflict
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Religion
By the 17th century there were more Calvinists and fewer Anglicans
Puritans were the most reform-minded of the Calvinists
The Protestant work ethic had a big impact on the Middle Class and the Gentry
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Calvinists
Were much opposed to the influence of the Catholic Church
BUT James I and Charles I not so much
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The Stuarts
Began in 1603 with James I
Both James I and son, Charles I were absolutists at heart.
Both supported “Divine Right”
The ambitions of the early Stuart monarchs were held in check by Parliament
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The Early Stuarts
Both had issues with Parliament Both suspended same Both into persecuting Puritans
BUT Charles more enthusiastic… Caused the Great Migration of the 17th
C Clashed with Parliament causing the
English Civil War
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The Big Issues Prior to the English Civil War
Could the King govern without the consent of Parliament or go against its wishes?
Would the Church have an Episcopal or a Presbyterian format?
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English Civil War 1642-49
King’s supporters: Cavaliers: Old Nobility of the Sword, Anglicans. Mercenaries, Catholics (like the Irish) who feared Puritans more than the Anglican king
Parliament Puritans: Roundheads Were led by Cromwell and his New
Model Army
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Remember…
Parliament received help from the Scots in exchange for a promise:
That after the war, the English Church would be organized along Presbyterian lines…
Also, support from businessmen, merchant marine and navy
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Battle of Nasby
The last major battle in the war Charles I captured by the Scots Was turned over to English
Parliament
Parliament ordered Cromwell to stand down and dissolve his army
Cromwell refused
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Prides Purge 1648
The New Model Army (without the knowledge of Cromwell) purged Parliament of all except English Puritans (The Anglicans and Presbyterian Puritans were booted out)
Only 1/5 of Parliament remained
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Charles I Beheaded in 1649
The Interregnum1649-1660
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The Commonwealth 1649-53
Was supposed to be a Republic
The monarchy and the House of Lords was abolished
England became a military state
The Scots were unhappy with unfulfilled promise
Cromwell went to war with the Scots and defeated them
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The Protectorate 1653-1659
Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament and ruled alone
He divided England into 12 military districts
Each district was controlled by a general
He denied religious freedom to Catholics and Anglicans
BUT allowed Jews to return in 1655 They had been banished since 1290
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Cromwell’s Campaigns
1649 Cromwell put down an Irish Rebellion
1652 Act of Settlement: 2/3 of the land in Ireland owned by Catholics was given to English Protestants
1651-52 Defeated the Scots
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Life in Cromwell’s England
Strict moral codes were used to regulate everyday life
Codes were enforced by the army The Press was censored Sports were prohibited Theaters were closed It got old fast
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Cromwell died in 1658
His son, Richard, was inept
An Anglican Parliament will invite Charles I’s son, Charles II, to come back home
While in exile, Charles II agreed to abide by Parliament’s decisions in the post-war settlement
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1660 The Restoration
Parliament was stronger in relation to the King than ever before
Charles II agreed to a significant degree of religious toleration…especially for Catholics (he had a fondness for them anyway)
The King’s power was NOT absolute Though Charles II would have liked
that
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Charles II 1660-85
Was called the Merry Monarch
He had many close personal lady friends and illegitimate children but no legitimate children so his brother, James II will inherit the throne upon Charles II’s death
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The Rise of Political Parties in England
The Tories: Conservative Nobles, gentry, Anglicans who
supported the King over Parliament
The Whigs: More Liberal Middle-Class and Puritans who
favored Parliament and religious toleration
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1661 The Clarendon Code
An effort by monarchists and Anglicans to drive Puritans out of political and religious life
The Test Act of 1673: Excluded those who refused to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding public office, teaching, preaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings
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In the Meantime
Charles seemed to support Catholics and was criticized for it by the Whigs in Parliament
He granted freedom of worship to Catholics
And took annual payments beginning in 1670 from Louis XIV if Charles would relax restrictions on Catholics!
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Charles II and Catholicism
Charles dissolved Parliament when it passed a law denying royal succession to Catholics
James, Charles’s brother and heir, was Catholic
Charles II declared himself a Catholic on his deathbed
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1679 The Habeas Corpus Act
Attempt by Parliament to limit Charles II’s power
Provisions: Allowed judges to demand that
prisoners be in court during their trials Required just cause for continued
imprisonment Provided for speedy trials Forbade Double Jeopardy
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Charles II and Scotland
Scotland had gained its independence upon the restoration in 1660
Then Charles went back on his word which allowed for Presbyterianism in Scotland
In 1661 he declared himself the head of the Church of Scotland
Like his father, he tried to impose the Episcopal form of organization on the Presbyterians in Scotland
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Charles II and Scotland
Thousands in Scotland were killed for resisting
The last few years of Charles II’s reign were known as the “Killing Time.”