Chapter 16: Mining and Mineral...
Transcript of Chapter 16: Mining and Mineral...
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Chapter 16: Mining and Mineral Resources
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16.1 Minerals and Mineral Resource
A. What is a Mineral?
• __________is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition and physical properties.
• The atoms of minerals are arranged in regular repeating geometric patterns.
• Native elements are minerals made of only elements (gold, silver and copper)
• Most minerals are compounds
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B. Ore Minerals • ______________are minerals that are valuable and
economical to extract. • Gangue minerals are minerals that have no commercial
value • 1. Metallic Minerals • Metals conduct electricity, have shiny services and are
opaque • Valuable metallic minerals are native elements such as
gold, silver and copper. • 2. Nonmetallic Minerals • Nonmetals tend to be good insulators, have shiny or dull
surfaces and may allow light to pass through them. • Nonmetallic minerals can be native elements or
compounds.
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B. Ore Minerals
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C. How do Ore Minerals Form? The types of minerals that form depend on the environment
in which they form 1. Hydrothermal Solutions • _________________are hot subsurface waters that
contain dissolved minerals. • As they flow through cracks in rocks they dissolve minerals • New minerals crystallized out of the solutions then fill
fractures to form ore deposits called veins 2. Evaporites • Water in the seas or lakes evaporates deposits of salts are
left behind • _________form in arid regions where rates of evaporation
are high • Include _________ and_________.
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D. Mineral Resources and their Uses
• Some metals can be pounded or pressed into various shapes or stretched very thinly
• Some are good conductors of heat and electricity
• ________are formed when two or more metals are combined
• Nonmetals are most widely used minerals in the world
• ___________are nonmetallic minerals prized purely for their beauty, rarity, or durability.
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19.2 Mineral exploration and Mining
A. Mineral Exploration
• 1st step in finding an ore deposit is exploring rock for_____________.
• Planes carry instruments that identify patterns in the land
• 2nd step ____________ are taken from the areas and analyzed to determine ore grade
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B. Subsurface Mining
• _______________is how ore deposits beneath Earth’s surface.
• __________________is a common method used to extract coal and salt.
• Networks of entries (rooms) are cut into a horizontal layer of coal.
• Between each room is a pillar of coal left to support t the roof.
• When mining is complete the pillars of coal are removed.
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1. Longwall Mining
• _____________is a more efficient way to remove coal form a subsurface seam.
• A machine (shearer) moves back and forth across the face of a coal seam.
• The coal is sheared from the surface and falls on a conveyor then transported out of the mine.
2. Solution Mining
• Soluble mineral ores can be removed by__________________
• Hot water is injected into the oar and dissolves it.
• Compressed air is pumped into the dissolved ore and lifts it to the surface.
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C. Surface Mining
• __________________methods used when ore deposits are located close to Earth’s surface.
• ______________is often used to mine large quantities of near-surface
• Ore is mined downward, layer by layer.
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1. Surface Coal Mining
• ______________is rock that covers near-surface coal seams
• 1st step is to remove and set aside the soil
• 2nd overburden is removed by heavy__________.
• 3rd loaders enter the pit and remove the exposed coal
• 4th once coal is removed the pit is filled with overburden, contoured and covered with the soil
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2. Quarrying
• Building stones (granite and marble) are mined in quarries.
• _____________ (sand, gravel, and crushed rock) are the main products of quarrying.
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3. Solar Evaporation
• Solar evaporation is the process of placing _____________into enormous______________.
• Sun evaporates the water and increases the concentration of sodium chloride
• This method of salt production is used in areas that receive little rainfall and have high evaporation rates.
• Solar evaporation is used largely in developing countries and 30% of worlds salt comes from solar evaporation.
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D. Placer Mining
• ___________________are minerals that are concentrated by wind and water into surface deposits.
• Streams transport mineral grains to a point where they fall to the streambed and are concentrated.
• Stream placers often occur at bends in rivers where the current slows.
• Gold, diamonds and other heavy minerals are mined by dredging.
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E. Smelting
• Smelting is where crushed ore is melted at high temperatures in furnaces to separate impurities from molten metal.
• Flux bonds with impurities and separates them from the molten metal
• Molten metal falls to the bottom of the furnace and is recovered.
• The Slag (impurities)form a layer on the top
• Gases (sulfur dioxide) are captured so they do not enter the environment
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F. Undersea Mining
• Ocean floor contains significant mineral resources
• Cost and great waters depths at which minerals are found are two reasons undersea mining has not been successful.
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16.3 Mining Regulations and Mine Reclamation
• Because of environmental impacts of_________, it is the most heavily regulated industries in the US.
• _____________the land or returning it to its original condition after mining is a part of every surface coal mining operation.
A. The Environmental Impacts of Mining
• Billions of dollars are spent to clean up abandoned mines.
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1. Air and Noise Pollution
• At _____________dust is produced by removing, loading, hauling and dumping soil and overburden.
• Dust is also produced when ore is blasted apart
• Noise is created by equipment and blasting
• Most surface mines are not located near urban populations
• Regulations in US forbid mining operations to allow dust or noise t exit the area being mined
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2. Water Contamination
• Water resources can be negatively impacted by mining
• _________________kill aquatic life
• Minerals that contain a lot of sulfur and react with water to produce dilute sulfuric acid.
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3. Displacement of wildlife
• Removing soil from a surface mine site strips away all plant life.
• With the removal of plants animals will leave the area
• When the soil is returned to the site different plants and animals may establish themselves.
• _____________disturbs river bottoms and destroys aquatic plant live.
• Disturbance of a ______________can cause sediments to contaminate a river for up to 10 km
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4. Erosion and Sedimentation • ___________from mines is dumped into large piles
called dumps. • Running water erodes unprotected dumps and may
harm water quality and aquatic life 5. Soil Degradation • Soil at a mine is removed from the _____________
layer downward • If soils is not removed and stored in separate layers
the soil may be nutrient poor when it is reclaimed. • Soil rich in sulfur once exposed t water and oxygen
release acid. • If _____________is returned to the mine site it may
be difficult for plants to grow.
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6. Subsidence • ______________is the sinking of regions of ground with
little or no horizontal movement. • Can occur when pillars in a mind collapse or the mine roof
or floor fails • Buildings, houses, roads, bridges, underground pipelines
and utilities may be damaged 7. Underground Mine Fires • _________in underground coal seams are one of the most
serious environmental consequences of coal mining • Lighting, forest fires and burning trash can cause coal-
seams fires. • These fires are hard to put out and often left to burn out
(which may take decades). • They release smoke and gasses that can cause respiratory
problems.
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B. Mining Regulation and Reclamation
• Mines in US are regulated by federal and state laws
• Mining company must comply with ______________and the_________________.
• All mining operations must comply with the________________________.
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1. Reclamation
– _______________is the process of returning land to its original or better conditions after mining is completed.
– The ______________________ and _____________________create a program for the regulation of surface coal mining.
– The act set standards that minimize the effects of coal mining on environment
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2. State Regulation of Mining
– Mining companies must obtain permits before mining
– A bond forfeiture program is where a company must post a funds (a bond) before mining project begins
– The states use the funds to reclaim the sit if the company does not reclaim the site according to the standards.
– State agencies are responsible for inspecting mines to ensure compliance with environmental regulations.
– Pennsylvania has large projects to reclaim abandoned mine lands.