CHAPTER 15 , SECTIONS 2 & 3

Dictatorships in Italy, Germany and Russia

Benito Mussolini

Black Shirts

Black Shirts

Weimar Republic

German Money

Adolph Hitler

“Mein Kampf”

Gestapo

Ghettos and Star of David

Concentration Camps

Rome-Berlin Axis

CHAPTER 15 , SECTION 2

Dictatorship in the U.S.S.R

Russia Under Lenin

In 1922, Communist leaders renamed Russia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R)

Divided into 15 separate political republics

Lenin

New Economic Policy (NEP) Heavy industry remained

under government control

NEP allowed some free enterprise

Soviet Agriculture

Government pushed “collective farms” Land pooled into large farms People worked together to farm the land Peasants could share what little farm equipment was available

Collective Farming

Women’s Roles

Communists claimed men and women would be equal

They were given some rights1. Equal Pay2. Time off to take care of newborn children3. Made it easier to obtain a divorce

Divorce rate skyrocketed

Education

Soviet Leaders emphasized education Wanted to raise the literacy rate Had some problems:

Lacked funding Not enough supplies Some schools were forced to close in the winter because

they had no heat Focused more on higher education

In 1925, students averaged less than 3 years in school

Lenin

Lenin dies in 1924 Leaves a power struggle

Power Struggle

Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin

http://www.history.com/videos/joseph-stalin#joseph-stalin

Command Economy

In 1928, Stalin ended the NEP

He returned the economy to a command economy The government controls all economic decisions

Five-Year Plan

Ambitious agricultural, industrial, and social goals Double production of oil and coal Triple production of steel Intended to turn the Soviet Union into a modern,

industrialized nationFarming Production Surplus Exports

New Machinery Were there problems with this plan? Read page 303

to find out.

Five Year Plan

Economy grows under F.Y.P. Steel production increased

A second F.Y.P. went into effect in 1933 Broader than the first Production of consumer goods decreased Government focused on expanding industry, military Soviet people faced harder times

Stalin’s Dictatorship

Ruled by fear Obey the Communist Party or face punishment

1936 New Soviet Constitution The Supreme Soviet was the parliamentary

body The Council of Ministers held executive and

administrative authority Appeared to be democratic However most power was in the hands of the Politburo

Stalin controlled the Politburo

http://www.biography.com/people/joseph-stalin-9491723/videos

Stalin’s Purges

Purge Large scale elimination Used brutality, intimidation, and staged public trials By 1939, over 5 million people had been arrested,

deported, imprisoned, or executed

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/28030-spytek-trotsky-assassination-video.htm

Trotsky

Gulags

From 1934 to 1947, millions of people were sent to Russian labor camps known as Gulags Many located in Siberia Forced to build roads or work in mines Terrible conditions Many died of hunger, freezing,

over-work, or disease Thousands were executed

Comintern

Lenin founded organization whose goal was to spread the Communist Revolution throughout the world Worked for the overthrow of democracies by urging

the workers to unite