Chapter 15 section 1 Spanish conquistadors = conquerors Was Columbus a hero or villain? Claimed their land Seized their possessions Gold quotas Forced conversion to Christianity

Hundreds vs. Millions

Guns & Cannons vs. Arrows and Spears Metal Armor Horses Disease (smallpox, measles, influenza) No Immunity = No Resistance 1500’s Native Caribbean population

declines by as much as 90%.

Hernan CortesCoast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses, & few cannonTenochtitlan – Capital of the Aztec Empire (floating city)Malinche – female translator and advisor, helped arrange alliances with neighboring groups to fight the AztecsMoctezuma – Aztec emperor who welcomed CortesLater forced to sign over his land and wealth to CortesSpain later builds Mexico City on top of the ruins of Tenochtitlan Francisco PizarroArrives in Peru in 1532Inca Empire just ended a civil warAtahualpa – refused to convert to Christianity or become a vassalPizarro is aided by Indian allies. Captured Atahualpa and slaughtered thousandsSpain demanded a huge ransom which the Inca paid. He was killed anyway. Weapons & Disease

Effects Native American labor = silver mines = finance the Spanish empire = Europe’s greatest

power

Whose Gods were more powerful?

Many Native Americans converted to Christianity in hopes their suffering would end.

Spain Changed the pattern of Global encounters First exploration of Africa World connected by sea routes (goods, people, and ideas)

Section 2 New culture (Americas) – European, Native American, & AfricanSpanish empire – California – South AmericaKing established the Council of the Indies to supervise and make laws for the colonies Viceroys representatives who ruled in the king’s name

established in each province received guidance from audiencias –

advisory councils made up of settlers

Catholic Church Baptized thousands of Native Americans Built Mission churches European culture (clothing, language,

skills)

Trade Gold & Silver Colonists could only export raw materials

to Spain Could only buy Spanish manufactured

goods Couldn’t trade with other European

nations or other Spanish colonies Sugar Cane increased the need for

plantations and a large labor force

Ecomiendas The right to demand labor or tribute from

Native Americans Disease and starvation caused a deep decline in the native population

Bartolome de Las Casas Priest who condemned the encomienda system

Pleaded with the king to stop the system Encouraged Africans to be used Better skill set (farming) Resistant to tropical diseases New Laws = forbade enslavement & abuse of Native Americans

(alternative) Peons – workers forced into labor to pay off a debt

Landlords provided items (food, tools, seeds) that could never be repaid

Culture Blending Native Americans – style of building,

foods, artistic styles Europeans - religion, animals Africans – farming methods, cooking

styles, drama, music

Social HierarchyPeninsulares – people born in Spain Filled the highest spots in govt. & the church

Creoles – American descendants of Spanish settlers Owned most of the plantations, ranches and mines

Mestizos – Native American & European descentMulattoes – African & European descentNative Americans & Africans Mexico City1550 – largest Spanish speaking city in the world1551 – University of Mexico Treaty of Tordesillas(Portugal) East of the demarcation line= Brazil Land grants for citizens who agreed to develop the land & share profits with the govt.No instant wealth – turn to plantation agriculture & cattle4 million Africans were sent to BrazilNew culture

Section 3 North America New France CanadaFrom Quebec to the Great Lakes, down the Mississippi River to Louisiana and the Gulf of MexicoNearly ½ of North AmericaFishing, Fur trapping, and tradingHarsh climate (Canada) = 1st permanent settlement until 1608Louis XIV prohibited Protestants from settling England Focused on the Atlantic Coast = larger population than French territoriesJamestown, Virginia – 1607Disease, starvationHelp from native populationExporting of tobacco

PilgrimsEnglish Protestants who rejected the Anglican ChurchReligious freedom vs. commercial profitMayflower CompactCompact – agreement among peopleEarly step towards self-government ColoniesVirginia & NY – commercial centers = $$$$Maryland, Penn, Mass, = religious freedomGeorgia & SC = gifts from the English king to loyal supportersPlantation economy Cash crops – tobacco, rice, cotton, sugarSlave Trade GoverningRoyal governors were appointed to superviseLarge degree of self ruleEach colony had its own representative assembly – advised governor, made local decisionsColonists expected the same rights as English citizens

French and Indian Wars GB vs. Fr. in North America1754Seven Years War (global war between GB & Fr.)Native Americans joined both sides Treaty of Paris British dominance in North America France was forced to give up Canada and

the lands east of the Mississippi to GB. Louisiana Territory was given to Spain France retains its islands in the Caribbean

& slave trading outposts in Africa

Section 4 African Slave TradeMiddle Passage – Africans transported to the New WorldTriangle Trade – Triangle shaped series of Atlantic Trade Routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas Destruction vs. Production Estimated 11 million Africans brought to the New WorldEstimated 2 million died during the Middle Passage Section 5Columbian Exchange Global exchange of goodsEurope received tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn & potatoesPotatoes & CornEasy to grow & storeHelped feed Europe’s rapidly growing population (cereal) Americas received wheat, grapes from Europe, bananas & sugar cane from Africa and Asia Europeans introduce Cattle, pigs, goats, and chickens, horses and donkeys

Increase in world population corn, potatoes, beans, tomatoesdispersal of food items from the New World (plantation economy) Migration of millions of peoplePromise of a new lifeLand of opportunities Commercial RevolutionInflation – rise in prices linked to as sharp increase in the amount of money availablePrice Revolution – time period in European history when inflation rose rapidly due to increases in gold and silver Capitalism – economic system where most businesses are owned privatelyEntrepreneurs – people who take on financial risks to make profits, source of capitalism

Joint stock companies – allowed people to pool capital = lessened risk, still chance for profit Cottage industries weakened the power of the guilds Cottage industry – home industry“Putting out” system – Outsourcing ????Entrepreneur provides raw materials to cottage industries, buys finished product, assembles and sells at profit MercantilismNation’s wealth (and strength) was determined by the amount of gold and silverNation must export more than it imports ColoniesMarkets for goodsRaw materialsForbidden to buy/trade with rival nations Tariffs – taxes on foreign goods