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Transcript of Chapter 15 Cardiovascular Disease: Reducing Your Risk Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc....
![Page 1: Chapter 15 Cardiovascular Disease: Reducing Your Risk Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. written by Bridget Melton, Georgia Southern University Lecture.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cda5503460f949a4840/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 15
Cardiovascular Disease:
Reducing Your Risk
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.written by Bridget Melton, Georgia Southern University
Lecture Outline
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Objectives
• Discuss the incidence, prevalence, and outcomesof cardiovascular disease.
• Describe the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulatory system and the importance of healthy heart function.
• Review major types of cardiovascular disease, controllable and uncontrollable risk factors, methods of prevention, and current strategies for diagnosis and treatment.
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Activity Break: Health Family Tree
• Create a family tree that includes each person’s cause of death and his or her major health condition, if any.
• Take 5 to 10 minutes to begin your family tree.
• We will discuss as a group the diseases you recognize.
• Continue adding to your health family tree this week by talking to your relatives.
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Total Cardiovascular Disease Death Rates by State, Age Adjusted
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An Epidemiological Overview
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States.
• In 2005, CVD accounted for approximately 37 percent of all deaths.
• CVD has been the number-one killer in the United States since 1900, except during the 1918 influenza pandemic.
• More than 2,400 Americans die from CVD each day.
• Among women, 1 in 2.6 are deaths from CVD.
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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease in U.S. Adults Aged 20 and Older by Age and Sex
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ABC News Video: Heart Disease in America
Discussion Questions
1. What preventive measures can be taken to avoid a heart attack?
2. What effect does a celebrity death from a certain illness have on how members of the public address their own health?
| Heart Disease in America
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Understanding the Cardiovascular System
• Cardiovascular system includes the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
• The heart
• Muscular, four-chambered pump
• Contracts 100,000 times per day
• Two upper chambers: atria
• Two lower chambers: ventricles
• Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves
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Anatomy of the Heart
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Heart Function
•Right Atrium (pulmonary side)
• Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
• Blood moves into the right ventricle.
•Right ventricle
• Pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
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Heart Function (cont.)
• Left Atrium (systemic side)
• Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from lungs.
• Blood is forced into the left ventricle.
• Left ventricle
• Pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts
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Types of Cardiovascular Disease
• Atherosclerosis
• Coronary heart disease (CHD)
• Chest pain (angina pectoris)
• Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
• Stroke
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Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease in the United States
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Atherosclerosis
• Characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery
• Hyperlipidemia
• Abnormally high blood lipid level
• Plaque
• Buildup of deposits in the arteries
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Atherosclerosis (cont.)
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Coronary Heart Disease
• Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack
• Blood supplied to the heart is disrupted.
• Coronary thrombosis
• Blood clot in the coronary artery
• Embolus
• The blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system.
• Collateral circulation
• If blockage to the heart is minor, blood flow is rerouted.
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Angina Pectoris
• Ischemia
• Reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen supply
• The more serious the oxygen deprivation, the more severe the pain.
• Nitroglycerin
• Drug used to relax (dilate) the veins
• Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle.
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Arrythmias
• Irregularities in heart rhythm
• Tachycardia is a racing heart in the absence of exercise or anxiety.
• Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heart beat.
• Fibrillation is a sporadic heart beat with a quivering pattern.
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Congestive Heart Failure
• Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally.
• Affects over 5 million Americans
• Damage to heart muscle may result from rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problem.
• Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs.
• Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation.
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Congenital and Rheumatic Heart Disease
• Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children.
• May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases, or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development
• Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever, which affects connective tissue.
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Stroke
• Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted
• Thrombus is a blood clot.
• Embolus is a free-flowing clot.
• Aneurysm is a bulging or burst blood vessel.
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief interruption of blood supply that causes temporary impairment.
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Blood Vessel Disorders that Can Lead to Stroke
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Activity Break: CVD Risk Factors
• Get into groups of four to five students.
• Assign a note taker and a runner.
• When your group has the answer, run it up to me.
• List four nonmodifiable risk factors for CVD.
• List four modifiable risk factors for CVD.
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Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Diseases
• Risks you cannot control
• Heredity
• Age
• Gender
• Race
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Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Diseases (cont.)
• Risks you can control
• Avoid tobacco.
• Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Modify dietary habits.
• Exercise regularly.
• Control diabetes.
• Control blood pressure.
• Systolic is the first number.
• Diastolic is the second number.
• Manage stress.
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Cholesterol and Triglycerides
Two major types of cholesterol
• LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is “bad” cholesterol that builds up on artery walls.
• HDL, or high-density lipoprotein, is “good” cholesterol that helps protect the body by removing cholesterol from artery walls and transporting it to the liver for elimination.
• Triglycerides are a common fat produced by your body.
• They do not cause arteries to thicken, but may speed the process.
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Modify Dietary Habits
Overweight people are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke.
Heart health can be improved by good dietary habits.
• Consume 5 to10 milligrams of fiber per day.
• Consume approximately 2 grams of plant sterols per day (found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, and vegetable oils).
• Limit your salt intake.
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The DASH Eating Plan
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Control Your Blood Pressure
• Hypertension is sustained high blood pressure.
• Called the “silent killer” because it has no symptoms
• Greater risk for CVD
• Formula for blood pressure: systolic over diastolic
• Systolic pressure is pressure applied to artery walls as the heart contracts.
• Diastolic pressure is pressure applied to the artery walls during relaxation phase.
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Combined Risks: Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a group of obesity-related risk factors that increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
• Indicated by three or more of the following:
• Abdominal obesity (40-inch waist in men;35-inch waist in women)
• Elevated blood fat
• Low levels of HDL
• Elevated blood pressure
• Elevated fasting glucose greater than 100 mg/dL
• High levels of C-reactive proteins (inflammation)
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Risks You Cannot Control
• Race: African Americans are at a 45 percent greater risk for hypertension and heart disease.
• Heredity: Cautionary medical factors seem to have a genetic link.
• Age: 75 percent of all heart attacks affect people over age 65.
• Gender: Men are at a greater risk for cardiovascular disease until around age 60. After menopause, women are at increase for cardiovascular disease.
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Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease in the United States by Gender and Race
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Women and Cardiovascular Disease
• In 2004, CVD killed:
• 405,780 men
• 450,250 women
• Estrogen
• Once estrogen production stops, risk for CVD death increases.
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Women and Cardiovascular Disease (cont.)
•Diagnostic and therapeutic differences
• Delay in diagnosing possible heart attack
• Complexity in interpreting chest pain in women
• Less aggressive treatment of female heart attack victims
• Smaller coronary arteries in women
•Gender bias in CVD research—most CVD research has been conducted on male subjects.
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New Weapons against Heart Disease
• Techniques for diagnosing heart disease
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Angiography
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
• Radionuclide imaging
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrafast computed tomography (CT)
• Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery
• Angioplasty involves threading a thin catheter through the blocked arteries. The catheter has a balloon on the tip, which is inflated to flatten the fatty deposits against the wall of the artery.
• Coronary bypass surgery takes a blood vessel from another site and implants it to bypass blocked arteries and transport blood.
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Aspirin for Heart Disease?
• Research shows that 80 milligrams of aspirin daily or every other day is beneficial to heart patients due to its blood-thinning properties.
• Some side effects of aspirin include gastrointestinal intolerance and a tendency for difficulty with blood clotting.
• Aspirin should be taken only under the advice of your physician.
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Thrombolysis
• If a heart attack victim reaches an emergency room and is diagnosed quickly, thrombolysis can be performed.
• Thrombolysis involves injecting an agent such as tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to dissolve the clot and restore some blood flow.
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Cardiac Rehabilitation
• Every year, 1 million people survive heart attacks.
• Cardiac rehabilitation exercise training increases stamina and strength, and promotes recovery.
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Personal Advocacy and Heart-Smart Behaviors
• Know your rights as a patient.
• Find out about informed consent procedures, living wills, durable power of attorney, organ donation, and other legal issues before you become sick.
• Ask about alternative procedures.
• Remain with your loved one as a personal advocate.
• Check the credentials of health care providers.
• Be considerate of your care provider.
• Be patient with the patient.