Chapter 14

The Renaissance and Reformation(1300–1650)

World History: Connection to Today World History: Connection to Today

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation(1300–1650)

Section 1: The Renaissance in Italy

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

World History: Connection to Today World History: Connection to Today

The Renaissance in ItalyObjectives:1. Why were the Italian city-states a favorable setting

for a cultural rebirth?

2. What was the Renaissance?

3. What themes and techniques did Renaissance artists and writers explore?

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Renaissance Italy 1

How the Crusades caused the Renaissance

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• European port cities expanded, especially those in Italy from which supplies were dispatched. Venice and Genoa become major powers, not only from shipping supplies to the Crusader, but from cargos received from the East.

• The arts of navigation improve allowing the construction of larger ships. This knowledge and technology will be acquired by Portugal and Spain in their voyages of discovery. These voyages were largely inspired by the desire to obtain the luxury goods such as silk, cotton, spices, and porcelain that the Crusaders found in the East

• A tremendous demand was created for these products, but they were very expensive because Turkish and Arab middlemen controlled access. The voyages of discovery, both the Portuguese voyages around Africa and Columbus' voyage west, were designed to establish trade contacts with the East, primarily China.

• These goods were not unknown to Europeans before the Crusades. Access to the Silk Road and Spice Route are factors which helped to build support in Europe in addition to religious fervor.

• Islamic writings as well as classical works lost to the West began to the West after the call of Rome began ton reach Western scholars. This fueled a spirit of inquiry just as universities began to be founded in the West.

• This inspired an increased interest in the classics, especially in Italy, but other Western kingdoms as well. Gradually a new philosophical tradition rose to compete with the Catholic Church

Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?

•The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome.

•Italy had been the center of the Roman empire.

•The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages and grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing.

•A wealthy merchant class in the Italian city-states stressed education and individual achievement and spent lavishly on the arts.

•Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.

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More on why Italy?

Italy had always been somewhat different than the other European powers.

Italy was never fully feudalized and it rejected most of the feudal practices

Medieval traditions in Italy were weakItalian city-states grew wealthy

because of its location on the Mediterranean they were centers of wealth and crossroads of culture

Its influence in the trade with the Crusaders

These were individuals and families who had become wealthy through trade.

They had a respect for human achievement and a commitment to public good.

Combined, these traits led to civic humanism.

For our purposes, they were the key patrons of the arts.

An example would be the Medici family

THE MERCHANT PRINCES

The Medici Family• Cosimo-spent a considerably part of his huge wealth on charitable

acts, live simply, and cultivated literature and the arts. He amassed the largest library in Europe, brought in many Greek sources, including the works of Plato, he was a patron of many artists including the great master Donatello. During his rule and that of his sons and grandson, Florence became the cultural center of Europe and the cradle of the new Humanism.

• Lorenzo The Magnificent," as he was called by the people of Florence, was a statesman, ruler, and patron of the arts. Lorenzo ruled Florence with his younger brother, Giuliano, from 1469 to 1478. After his brother's assassination in 1478, he was sole ruler until his death.

• Lorenzo's greatest contribution to history was his patronage of the arts. He contributed more than anyone to the flowering of Florentine genius in the late 15th century, supporting such giants as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

What Was the Renaissance?

• The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas–political, social, economic, and cultural.

• Most important were the changes that took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world.

• Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the here and now. They emphasized individual achievement.

• The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields.

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The Revival of Europe

• Although generally classified by most scholars as the last century of the medieval era, the 14th century is generally seen as the beginning of the Renaissance and the beginning of a modern state of mind. "Renaissance" means "rebirth" in French and describes the cultural and economic changes that occurred in Europe beginning in the 14th century.

Humanism

At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism.

• a system of thought that is based on the values, characteristics, and behavior that are believed to be best in human beings, rather than on any supernatural authority

•Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. They believed the classical writers could teach important ideas about life, love, and beauty •Humanists studied the humanities, the subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed that education should stimulate creativity. •Humanists wanted people to improve their lives through learning and new experiences•Humanists praised the individual and the world in which they lived.•Humanists weren’t interested in religious topics.

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Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques

Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world

Rejected Gothic style Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans

Developed realistic styleLearned rules of perspectiveUsed shading to make objectslook round and realStudied human anatomyUsed live models

WRITERS PAINTERS

ARCHITECTS

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Humanists WritersHumanists stressed education and classical learning.

They believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reforms.

Three humanists:Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the church and for the bible to be translated from Latin into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people.

Thomas More pressed for social reform and wrote of a utopian society.

Niccolo Machiavelli- Author of The Prince- A political guidebook- “The ends justify the means, “It is better to be feared than loved”

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Machiavelli- Author of The PrinceWould you like to be under a ruler that followed Machiavelli’s ideas?

“It is better to be feared than loved”

and

“The ends justify the means”

Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art

Studied the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo

Paintings blended Christian and classical styles

Best known for paintings of the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus

Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet

Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David

Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome

Made sketches of nature and of models

Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked

Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering

Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats

RAPHAELMICHELANGELOLEONARDO

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Renaissance Art

15th and 16th century

Artistic Vocabulary

• Classics• Perspective• Fresco• Realism• Patron• Secular• Vanishing point• Madonna• Vernacular

Humanism was an important movement in the Renaissance literature. Humanists wanted people to improve their lives through learning and new experiences. They urged people to study Ancient Greece and Rome literature. They believed the classical writers could teach important ideas about life, love, and beauty. Humanists praised the individual and the world in which they lived. Humanists weren’t interested in religious topics.

Secularism is the focus on things that can be experienced in the here-and-now. Renaissance artists usually emphasized the muscles and bone structures of their subjects, even if their subjects were angels and saints.

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/07/eust/ho_1975.1.12.htm

Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475. In April of 1508, Michelangelo was summoned to Rome by Julius II. He wanted Michelangelo to paint bible scenes on the Sistine Chapel Ceiling. Michelangelo was a Painter sculptor, architect, and poet. Also Lorenzo di Medici, ruler of Florence, hired Michelangelo to create many works of art for him. His most famous works in architecture were the dome on top of St. Peters Church in the Vatican and the square of buildings that form the civic center of Rome.

Michelangelo’s “David”

The Pieta by Michelangelo

Sistine Chapel

David by Michelangelo and Donetello

                 

                  

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452. He became a Painter, an architect, a scientist, sculptor, and engineer. His most famous works were The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. In his sketch book there were designs for a flying machine, a bicycle, a machine gun, and a submarine. He also planned a canal system and several buildings for Milan. In addition to everything else, Leonardo also studied botany, anatomy, and biology.

Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa”

Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

TheLast Supper

Classical Influence

Raphael was born in Urbino in 1483 and received his first instruction in the techniques of painting from his father, Giovanni Santi, a minor artist. At the age of seventeen, his father sent him to Perugia to become an apprentice under the highly-regarded Perugino School. The idealizing beauty of Peruginesque women, with their strikingly small mouths, lingers on for some time in the faces of Raphael's Madonnas. In autumn 1508, shortly after summoning Michelangelo to Rome, Julius II also sent for Raphael. If Vasari is to be believed, the Pope acted upon the recommendation of Bramante, the architect of St.Peter's, who was also originally from the Urbino area. Raphael is best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican in Rome.

Raphael’s St. Catherine done in 1507

Raphael’s School at Athens

Artists of the Northern Renaissance

• The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders and later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England.

• Albrecht Dürer traveled to Italy to study. Through his art and essays, he helped spread the Renaissance to Germany.

• He is called the “German Leonardo.”• Jan and Hubert van Eyck painted townspeople in rich, realistic

detail. They also developed oil paint.• Pieter Bruegel used vibrant colors to portray peasant life. His

work influenced later Flemish artists.• Peter Paul Reubens blended the realistic traditions of Flemish

painters with the classical themes and artistic freedom of the Italian Renaissance.

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Northern Humanists

Like their Italian counterparts, northern humanists stressed education and classical learning.

They believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reforms.

Two humanists:Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the church and for the bible to be translated from Latin into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people.

Thomas More pressed for social reform and wrote of a utopian society.

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The Printing Revolution

A printing revolution took place when:• In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using

the first printing press and printing inks.• Movable type was developed twenty years later.

IMPACT:• Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.• With books more readily available, more people learned

to read.• Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and

ideas.

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Writers of the Northern Renaissance

Spanish author who wrote Don Quixote, which mocks romantic notions about medieval chivalry

English poet who was the towering figure of Renaissance literature

Wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world

His love of words vastly enriched the English language.

French humanist who was a monk, physician, Greek scholar, and author

Offered opinions on religion, education, and other subjects in Gargantua and Pantagruel.

RABELAIS SHAKESPEARE CERVANTES

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The Reformation is the name commonly given to the religious upheavals of the 16th century. This movement started in the Middle Ages and is even continuing today. In this movement the people of Europe began to demand changes in the Roman Catholic Church. Due to their protests these people are now called Protestant and the reforms or changes that occurred lead us to call this period the Reformation.

During the Middle Ages the Church was the oldest and best established institution. It acted as a government: taxing the people, administering justice within a court, schooling the children, healing the sick and relieving the poor.

The Reformation

Abuses in the Church

• Popes competed with Italian princes for political power. • Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal States against

invaders.• Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences.• Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal of money

on the arts. • The Church increased fees for services such as weddings

and baptisms to finance worldly projects.

Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.

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Luther was one of a few men who significantly altered the course of world history, was born in Eisleben, Germany on November 10, 1483. He entered university in 1501 and intended to study law but, narrowly escape from lightning moved him to enter a monastery in 1505.

Finally, focusing on Paul's statement, "The just shall live by faith“ Luther came to the conclusion that men were saved by the grace of God. God's grace was given, not on the basis of good works, but on the basis of absolute faith in God's promises. However, this faith, Luther asserted, was wholly the gift of God.

Martin Luther:

What offended Luther most was the sale of indulgences. In 1517 Johann Tetzel came to Germany to sell indulgences for the building of St.Peter's Basilica in Rome. Indulgences meant the purchaser, or the dead for whom they were purchased, would not have to suffer temporal punishment in purgatory for their sins.

On October 31, 1517 Luther nailed his famous Ninety-five Theses challenging indulgences to the Castle Church door in Wittenberg. This was the customary manner of calling for a debate, but this act was the spark which exploded the powder keg of the Protestant Reformation.

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Luther's Teachings

1. Salvation by faith alone.

2. Denial of papal authority and infallibility.

3. Denial of clerical celibacy.

4. Priesthood of all believers.

5. Reduction in sacraments. Luther reduced the number of sacraments from seven to two: the Lord's Supper and baptism.

Papal Bull: A letter or decree from the Pope concerning a serious issue. The name comes from a Latin term for the seal (bulla) which closed the letter.

Excommunication: This means to be cut off from participation in the rituals and the blessings of the Church and the protection of the priests.

In 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull ordering Luther to recant his statements. Luther publicly burned the Papal Bull in a bonfire.

The spread of Luther’s ideas would not have occurred if it were not for the invention and use of the printing press. Instead of being one man’s revolt against the church this became a religious revolution.

Pope Leo X then ordered the German Princes to assist and a t a German parliament (The Diet of Worms) this group tried Luther as a heretic. They sentenced him to house arrest and ordered his books burned.

In the next number of years he translated the Bible to German and created a new Church called the Lutherans. This church has three basic beliefs:

1.Justification by faith alone

2.There are only 2 sacraments (Lord’s Supper and Baptism)

3.The Bible is the basis

John Calvin was born July 10, 1509 in Noyon, France, fifty-eight miles northeast of Paris. Through the influence of his father, who was a secretary and attorney in the local bishopric, Calvin was introduced to the upper class of French society. Initially, he was directed to the study of theology, but after his father's fight with local church officials it was determined that he would study law.

At some point in the years 1532-33 Calvin's attitude under went a sudden and dramatic change. He became convinced that God's will had to be obeyed, and from then on religion occupied first place in his thoughts.

John Calvin

In 1536 he moved to Geneva Switzerland and published his famous “Institutes of the Christian Religion”. These included his principles of faith:

Original sin: This doctrine asserts that all men, as a result of Adam's fall, are born with sinful, corrupted natures. Each person inherits Adam's guilt and sin and is absolutely incapable of goodness.

Predestination: God arbitrarily elected, or chose, certain individuals to be saved before they were even born. He chooses people based on his own will not because of anything they had done.

Irresistible Grace: men cannot do anything to effect their salvation, it is only the work of God. God makes the sinner faithful and repent. The elect, then, are literally forced to be saved.

Calvin’s ideas were very popular in Genoa and allowed him to rule for 23 years. This was a Theocracy were the church ruled and only those who were faithful were permitted to vote or hold office. Calvin ruled as a ruthless dictator who saw criticism as heresy.and in one five year period 58 heretics were burned while more than 70 were banished.

The popularity of these ideas allowed Calvinism to spread to France (Huguenots) and England (Puritans)

Calvin’s ideas were both similar and different from Luther’s. Both were Christian and both agreed with justification by faith and neither believed in Transubstantiation. (that during communion the bread and wine were actually the body and blood of Christ) They both believed that the bread and wine simply represented the body and blood of Christ.

Calvin however disagreed with Luther on the use of the cross and the decoration of the church. Calvinist churches therefore were built without crosses or stained glass windows.

Calvin versus Luther

Only priests have the training to perform sacraments and interpret scripture

All believers are have equal access to God

Priests

Scripture must be interpreted by the Pope, councils and priests

The scripture is the only source of teachings

Scripture

Salvation Both faith and good works (devotion, charity) are necessary for salvation. (Humans are responsible for their own salvation

Justification by faith alone. Human action means nothing

CatholicProtestant

Protestant Versus Roman Catholic

7 (Baptism, Communion, Penance, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy orders, and Last Rites)

2 (Baptism and Communion)

Sacraments

Saints go to God on behave of people and therefore should be honoured

No saints should be objects of prayer

Saints

CatholicProtestant

The Holy communion is a mystery and the body and blood of Christ are present

The Lord’s supper is only symbolic

Communion

1. People began to believe in themselves and view the world with greater optimism.

2. People began to believe that they can accomplish goods things with God’s help.

3. Christianity was officially divided between the Protestant and Roman Catholic religions.

4. The Protestant ideas encourage individualism and competition. This lead directly to the growth of capitalism.

The Effects of The Reformation

No Going Back

Though the Catholic Holy Roman Empire does not end until 1806, the German states are separated from the influence of Rome during the age of the Reformation.

The German princes of the north protect Luther from the pope and the Holy Roman emperor, while gaining political power by assuming many of the privileges once reserved for the church.

The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 temporarily reconciles the Protestant north and the Catholic south in the German states, and the conflict moves west into the monarchies of Spain and France.

Radical Reformers

As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up. These sects often had ideas that were even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin.

One radical group, the Anabaptists, rejected infant baptism.• Some Anabaptists wanted to abolish private property.• Others wanted use violence to speed up judgment day. • Called for religious tolerance & separation of Church and state.

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Radical Reformers

Luther's Protestantism has by and large beneficially cleaned up the church, but as time goes on the uglier side of the Reformation begins to arise.

Reformers more extreme than Luther begin to make further demands for change. Among these is a scholar Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland.

Beyond rejecting the usual discrepancies between biblical teachings and church practice, Zwingli wants all ritual abolished. No imagery is acceptable, not the crucifix, the chalice of the holy wine, clerical vestments, or organ music.

The Catholic Reformation

Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the Catholic Church.

Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide. To accomplish these goals, he:

• Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform should take;

• Strengthened the Inquisition;

• Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits, to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.

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Counter-Reformation

The response of the Roman Church to the reformers' demands is the Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, aggressively lead a campaign to support Catholic doctrine.

The members of the order acting behind the scenes in the Catholic monarchies, exercise a strong influence in political spheres. Counter-reformation forces will uphold papal authority and will ensure that, canonization and veneration of saints remains a cornerstone of celebratory ritual.

In addition the visual grandeur of the church is to be encouraged and generously financed.

• The Church’s interpretation of Scripture was final

• Christians were saved by Grace through faith and good works not by works alone

• The Bible the Church Traditions and the Magisterium (teaching office of the Church) are all equally powerful authorities

• Indulgences were a valid expression of the faith but their sale was outlawed

Council of Trent

England and the Church

In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage.

The pope refused Henry’s request.

Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England.

Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England.

Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake.

Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

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Henry VIII, I am, I am

• Origins of Anglicanism• The origins for the

Reformation in England came during the reign of Henry VIII (1509-47).

• Earlier, he was called by the Pope, “The Defender of the Faith.”

• The real reason was that his wife of 18 years, Catherine of Aragon, could only provide him with daughters.

Henry’s Papal Request• When it became apparent that Catherine could no longer bear children.

• Henry decided that she had to go.

• Henry asked the Pope for an “annulment.”

• But the Pope could not give Henry what he wanted.

• Since Catherine was the “favorite” Aunt of Charles V whose troops occupied Rome

Henry’s Response to the Pope’s Denial

• When the Pope failed to respond, Henry took matters into his own hands.

• Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy making the King the head of the Church in England not the Pope.

• Henry then seized all Church lands.

• Then the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer granted Henry’s annulment.

• This freed Henry to marry Anne Boleyn.

• Henry was married six times in all.

No Matter How Things Change, They Still Stay The Same

• Henry was no Protestant.

• Parliament passed the Six Articles that maintained traditional Catholic Doctrine.

• Both Protestants and Catholics that challenged Henry met the same fate.

• Only during the short reign of his son, Edward VI (1547-53) did England move in the direction of Protestantism.

The many wives of Henry Tudor

• Wife #1 - Catherine of Aragon• Wife #2 - Anne Boleyn• Wife #3 - Jane Seymour• Wife #4 - Anne of Cleves• Wife #5 - Katherine Howard• Wife #6 - Katherine Parr

Changes During the Reign of Edward VI and After

• Thomas Cranmer introduced the Book of Common Prayer.

• As well as the Forty-Two Articles of Faith that were in the Calvinist tradition.

• But following the early death of Edward there was a period of reaction under the reign of Mary I (1553-58).

• She restored Catholicism and even married Philip II of Spain.

The Virgin QueenElizabeth I, The Virgin Queen

• She was a free spirit who thought Theology was a bore.

• Her chief interest was protecting her realm -- England.

• Slowly during her reign, England became more Protestant.

• Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer was readopted.

Elizabeth Continued

• The 42 Articles were reduced to 39Articles of Faith.

• The Episcopal System was retained aswell as two of the Seven Sacraments.

• Almost everyone in England acceptedher changes, except for the militants --known as the Puritans

Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation4

Immediate Effects

Peasants’ Revolt

Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches

Weakening of Holy Roman Empire

Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands

Long-Term Effects

Religious wars in Europe

Catholic Reformation

Strengthening of the Inquisition

Jewish migration to Eastern Europe

Increased antisemitism

Widespread PersecutionDuring this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.

Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics.

Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts.

In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos, or separate quarters of the city. In other places, they were expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned.

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Major European Religions about 16004

The Scientific Revolution

• How did astronomers change the way people viewed the universe?

• What was the new scientific method?

• What advances did Newton and other scientists make?

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Changing Views of the Universe

Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted Ptolemy’s theory, that the Earth was the center of the universe. This theory matched the teachings of the Church.

In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe.

In the late 1500s, Tycho Brahe set up an observatory and provided evidence to support Copernicus’ theory.

Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse.

Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed the heliocentric model. This discovery caused an uproar and Galileo was tried before the Inquisition.

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The Scientific Method

This new approach to science depended on observation and experimentation.

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Scientific Advances

Anthony von Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope and was the first human to see cells and microorganisms.

William Harvey described the circulation of blood for the first time.

Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for preventing infection and a technique for stitching wounds.

Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy.

Robert Boyle differentiated elements from compounds and explained the effects of temperature and pressure on gases.

Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity.

The 1500s and 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science.

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