Chapter 14 Section 3

Collapse of Collapse of Imperial Chinese Imperial Chinese

RuleRule

Collapse of Collapse of Imperial Chinese Imperial Chinese

RuleRule

In the year 1900, the Boxers(Chinese In the year 1900, the Boxers(Chinese Nationalists) staged an unsuccessful revolution.Nationalists) staged an unsuccessful revolution.

Accepting that reforms were necessary, the Accepting that reforms were necessary, the Dowager Empress (Qing Dynasty) announced in Dowager Empress (Qing Dynasty) announced in 1908 that a full constitutional monarchy would 1908 that a full constitutional monarchy would be established by 1917.be established by 1917.

In 1912, the Kuomintang, led by Sun Yixian In 1912, the Kuomintang, led by Sun Yixian succeeded in overthrowing the last Qing succeeded in overthrowing the last Qing EmperorEmperor

In 1912, Sun Yixian became president of the Republic of China.

“Three Principles of the People”

1. Nationalism: and end to foreign control

2. People’s rights: democracy

3. People’s livelihood: economic security for all Chinese.

Sun lacked the authority and military support to secure national unity.

After 6 weeks, he turned the presidency over to Yuan Shikai, a powerful general.

In 1912, Sun Yixian became president of the Republic of China.

“Three Principles of the People”

1. Nationalism: and end to foreign control

2. People’s rights: democracy

3. People’s livelihood: economic security for all Chinese.

Sun lacked the authority and military support to secure national unity.

After 6 weeks, he turned the presidency over to Yuan Shikai, a powerful general.

By 1913, Yuan ruled as a military dictator.

His actions were so severe even his own military refused to fight rebels.

He died in 1916 and civil war broke out again.

Warlord armies terrorized the countryside.

Bridges, roads and crops were destroyed.

Famine killed millions of Chinese.

Meanwhile, WWI was being waged in Europe.

In 1917, hoping for an Allied victory, In 1917, hoping for an Allied victory, the Chinese government declared war the Chinese government declared war on Germany.on Germany.

The leaders hoped China would be The leaders hoped China would be rewarded by regaining control of rewarded by regaining control of China.China.

The Treaty of Versailles actually gave The Treaty of Versailles actually gave Japan the territories that had Japan the territories that had previously belonged to Germany.previously belonged to Germany.

The Treaty of Versailles outraged The Treaty of Versailles outraged most Chinese.most Chinese.

On May 4, 1919, 3,000 students On May 4, 1919, 3,000 students gathered in Beijing chanting “Down gathered in Beijing chanting “Down with the European Imperialists!”with the European Imperialists!”

Mao Zedong, a school teacher Mao Zedong, a school teacher supported the student protestors.supported the student protestors.

The Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party FormsForms

In 1921 a group of In 1921 a group of young intellectuals young intellectuals met to Organize the met to Organize the Chinese Communist Chinese Communist Party.Party.

Mao Zedong was Mao Zedong was among its founders.among its founders.

•Jiang Jieshi took over for Sun as leader of Jiang Jieshi took over for Sun as leader of nationalists; began to work with Communists nationalists; began to work with Communists to fight the Warlordsto fight the Warlords

•Warlords are eventually defeatedWarlords are eventually defeated

•The Nationalists (under Jiang) betrayed the The Nationalists (under Jiang) betrayed the Communists and killed almost all in the Communists and killed almost all in the Shanghai massacreShanghai massacre

•The few remaining Communists fled; but The few remaining Communists fled; but continued a civil war that would last 20 years.continued a civil war that would last 20 years.

Jiang had promised democracy and Jiang had promised democracy and political rights.political rights.

He actually did nothing to improve He actually did nothing to improve the lives of the peasants.the lives of the peasants.

To help win their support, Mao To help win their support, Mao Zedong divided the land that the Zedong divided the land that the Communists won among the Communists won among the peasants.peasants.

Jiang gathered a huge army, surrounded Communist stronghold.

Communists were forced to flee 6000 miles on foot.

Crossed miles of swamland, even had to sleep sitting up to avoid drowning.

100,000 started the March, 10,000-30,000 made it to safety.

Were forced to hide in caves in NW China. Despite all of this, the Communists quickly

gained new followers.

The Japanese watched the Chinese fight The Japanese watched the Chinese fight each other and decided to invade.each other and decided to invade.

The Japanese captured a large part of The Japanese captured a large part of China, destroying a great deal of farmland-China, destroying a great deal of farmland-the peasants suffered morethe peasants suffered more

The Japanese invasion forced the The Japanese invasion forced the Nationalists and Communists to make Nationalists and Communists to make peace so that they could both fight the peace so that they could both fight the Japanese.Japanese.

The Chinese would continue to fight Japan The Chinese would continue to fight Japan until 1945 when World War II ended.until 1945 when World War II ended.

The Japanese watched the Chinese fight The Japanese watched the Chinese fight each other and decided to invade.each other and decided to invade.

The Japanese captured a large part of The Japanese captured a large part of China, destroying a great deal of farmland-China, destroying a great deal of farmland-the peasants suffered morethe peasants suffered more

The Japanese invasion forced the The Japanese invasion forced the Nationalists and Communists to make Nationalists and Communists to make peace so that they could both fight the peace so that they could both fight the Japanese.Japanese.

The Chinese would continue to fight Japan The Chinese would continue to fight Japan until 1945 when World War II ended.until 1945 when World War II ended.

During WWI, millions of Indians enlisted in the British army.

The British promised reforms that would lead to self-government.

In 1918, upon returning from the war, Indians continued to be treated as second-class citizens.

Rowlett Act: Allowed the British government to jail protestors for as long as 2 years.

Western-educated Indians saw this as a violation of their rights.

During WWI, millions of Indians enlisted in the British army.

The British promised reforms that would lead to self-government.

In 1918, upon returning from the war, Indians continued to be treated as second-class citizens.

Rowlett Act: Allowed the British government to jail protestors for as long as 2 years.

Western-educated Indians saw this as a violation of their rights.

The Rowlett Act widespread violence, particularly in the Punjab, the province with the greatest number of veterans.

To protest, 10,000 Hindus and Muslims traveled to Amritsar, the capital of the Punjab.

They intended to fast, pray and listen to political speeches.

A British General ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without warning.

400 Indians were killed and another 1,200 injured.

The Rowlett Act widespread violence, particularly in the Punjab, the province with the greatest number of veterans.

To protest, 10,000 Hindus and Muslims traveled to Amritsar, the capital of the Punjab.

They intended to fast, pray and listen to political speeches.

A British General ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without warning.

400 Indians were killed and another 1,200 injured.

Mohandas K. Gandhi Mohandas K. Gandhi began to spread a new way began to spread a new way of battling injustice.of battling injustice.

His non-violent approach His non-violent approach attracted millions of attracted millions of followers.followers.

Called the Mahatma, or Called the Mahatma, or “Great Soul.”“Great Soul.”

Gandhi urged Indians to Gandhi urged Indians to follow a policy of non-follow a policy of non-cooperation with the cooperation with the British.British.

The deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law.

He called upon Indians to refuse to do the following:

Buy British Goods

Attend government schools

Pay British taxes

Vote in elections

These actions took an economic toll on the British.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Junior

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., wrote his doctoral thesis on the life and teachings of Gandhi. The Salt March was one of King’s models for the sit-ins in Birmingham, Alabama. In 1963, King led a massive civil rights campaign there for African-American voter registration and desegregation in housing and education. Like Gandhi, King was often jailed, believing it was honorable to be imprisoned for a just cause.

Demonstrations continued throughout India.

Salt March, protest against British salt laws.

In 1935, Britain passed the Government of India Act.

Provided local self-government and limited democratic elections.

Fueled conflict between Hindus and Muslims.

The final transfer of power in the 1940s would lead to continuing conflict in the region.

Turkey becomes a RepublicTurkey becomes a Republic

Greece invaded Turkey at the end of WWI, weakening the Ottoman rule

Mustafa Kemal led Turkish nationalists in overthrowing the last of the Ottoman sultans.

Kemal became President of the new Republic of Turkey in 1923

He changed Turkish law: separating Muslim (religious) ideas from Law.

Turkey began to modernize much like the European countries.

Persia becomes IranPersia becomes Iran

The British attempted to take over Persia The British attempted to take over Persia after WWIafter WWI

This triggered a nationalist revoltThis triggered a nationalist revolt A Persian army officer named Reza Shah A Persian army officer named Reza Shah

Pahlavi took over Persia.Pahlavi took over Persia. Pahlavi began to modernize Persian Pahlavi began to modernize Persian

schools and infrastructureschools and infrastructure He changed Persia’s name to Iran in He changed Persia’s name to Iran in

1935.1935. However Pahlavi (also known as the However Pahlavi (also known as the

Shah) kept all power to himself.Shah) kept all power to himself.

The British attempted to take over Persia The British attempted to take over Persia after WWIafter WWI

This triggered a nationalist revoltThis triggered a nationalist revolt A Persian army officer named Reza Shah A Persian army officer named Reza Shah

Pahlavi took over Persia.Pahlavi took over Persia. Pahlavi began to modernize Persian Pahlavi began to modernize Persian

schools and infrastructureschools and infrastructure He changed Persia’s name to Iran in He changed Persia’s name to Iran in

1935.1935. However Pahlavi (also known as the However Pahlavi (also known as the

Shah) kept all power to himself.Shah) kept all power to himself.

Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic TraditionsSaudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions

In 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud In 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud began to unite Arabiabegan to unite Arabia

In 1932, he named the country In 1932, he named the country Saudi Arabia after his familySaudi Arabia after his family

Saud carried on Arab and Saud carried on Arab and Islamic traditionsIslamic traditions

Saud began to modernize Saudi Saud began to modernize Saudi Arabia, but only in religiously Arabia, but only in religiously acceptable areas of life.acceptable areas of life.

Oil Spurs GrowthOil Spurs Growth The rising demand for oil from SW The rising demand for oil from SW

Asia caused exploration in this area; Asia caused exploration in this area; huge reserves were discovered.huge reserves were discovered.

The land around the Persian Gulf has The land around the Persian Gulf has nearly two thirds of the world’s known nearly two thirds of the world’s known supply of oil; Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia supply of oil; Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait become rich through and Kuwait become rich through selling oil.selling oil.

Oil encouraged Western nations to try Oil encouraged Western nations to try to dominate the region.to dominate the region.