Chapter 14 Section 1 Growing Tensions Over Slavery Objectives Explain why conflict arose over the...
-
Upload
emil-murphy -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 14 Section 1 Growing Tensions Over Slavery Objectives Explain why conflict arose over the...
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Objectives
• Explain why conflict arose over the issue of slavery in the territories after the Mexican-American War.
• Identify the goal of the Free-Soil Party.
• Describe the compromise Henry Clay proposed to settle the issues that divided the North and the South.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Terms and People
• popular sovereignty – policy having people in the territory or state vote directly on issues rather than having elected officials decide
• secede – to withdraw
• fugitives – enslaved people who have run away
• Henry Clay – Kentucky senator who worked on the Missouri Compromise
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Terms and People (continued)
• John C. Calhoun – South Carolina senator who opposed the Missouri Compromise
• Daniel Webster – Massachusetts senator who called for an end to the bitter sectionalism
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
How did the question of admission of new states to the Union fuel the debate over slavery and states’ rights?The Missouri Compromise of 1820 temporarily quieted the differences between the North and South.
However, new territory added as a result of America’s victory in the Mexican-American War renewed the conflict.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
From 1820 to 1848, the balance of power between North and South held: 15 free states and 15 slave states.
The tie could be broken by new territory gained in the Mexican-American War.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Even before the Mexican-American War had ended, politicians argued over what to do.
Still, it angered Southerners, who viewed the bill as an attack on slavery by the North.
The Wilmot Proviso
Representative David Wilmot from
Pennsylvania proposed a ban on
slavery in all Mexican Cession
territories.
The bill passed in the House but not in the Senate.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
In the 1848 election, many Democrats and Whigs were disappointed with their party’s stand on slavery.
Antislavery Democrats and Whigs formed a new political party.
The Free-Soil Party chose Martin Van Buren as its candidate.
Free-Soil Party
The party called for the territory from the
Mexican-American War to be “free soil.”
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Critics called Free-Soil Party members “barnburners.”
They accused them of burning the barn (the Democratic Party) to get rid of proslavery “rats.”
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
He wanted to let the people in each state or territory decide whether to allow slavery.
Democratic candidate Lewis Cass of Michigan suggested a solution that he hoped everyone would like.
popular sovereignty
The Free-Soil Party took votes away from Senator Cass.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Party Candidate Policy
Democratic Party
Senator Lewis Cass popular sovereignty
Free-Soil Party
Martin Van Buren slavery banned
Whig Party General Zachary Taylor
no stated policy
Presidential Election of 1848
Zachary Taylor won the election.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
North and South also clashed over California, which was ready to become a state.
Southerners feared losing power.
They threatened to secede from the nation if California was made a free state.
Northerners argued that California should be a free state because most of its territory lay north of the Missouri Compromise.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
North and South also disagreed over other issues related to slavery.
Southerners called for a law that would force
the return of fugitives.
Northerners wanted the slave trade abolished in Washington,
D.C.
Months passed, and no solution was reached.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
In 1850, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky made a series of proposals to resolve this conflict.
The Senate’s discussion of Clay’s proposals produced one of the greatest debates in American history.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster
The U.S. needed to amend the constitution.
Otherwise, the South should secede.
The U.S. should end sectionalism and adopt
the compromise.
John C. Calhoun spoke against the compromise, and Daniel Webster spoke for it.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
With the territories acquired by the Mexican-American war, the nation could no longer overlook the slavery issue.
At first, Clay’s compromise seemed to work for both sides.
However, the compromise soon fell apart.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Section Review
Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Please describe 3 of the 5 parts the compromise of 1850?
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
• Summarize the main points of the Compromise of 1850.
• Describe the impact of the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
• Explain how the Kansas-Nebraska Act reopened the issue of slavery in the territories.
• Describe the effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Objectives:
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
• Harriet Beecher Stowe – daughter of an abolitionist minister and author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• propaganda – false or misleading information that is spread to further a cause
• Stephen Douglas – Illinois senator who pushed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854
• John Brown – antislavery settler from Connecticut who led an attack on a proslavery settlement
Terms and People:
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
What was the Compromise of 1850, and why did it fail?
Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, a series of laws meant to solve the controversy over slavery.
The bitterness between the North and South caused all attempts at compromise to fail.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The Compromise of 1850 included five laws that addressed issues related to slavery.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Some of the new laws pleased the North, and others pleased the South.
To Please the North
• California admitted to the Union as a free state
• Slave trade banned in Washington, D.C.
To Please the South
• Popular sovereignty used to decide slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession
• Tough new fugitive slave law
President Fillmore signed the compromise into law.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Suspects had no rights to a trial.
Northern citizens were required to help capture accused runaways.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allowed officials to arrest anyone accused of being a runaway slave.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
An Indiana man was separated from his wife
and children when a slave owner claimed he had escaped 19 years
ago.
A wealthy tailor was seized, but his friends in New York quickly raised
money to free him.
Slave catchers would seize fugitives even after many years had passed since their escape.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Senator Calhoun hoped that it would force northerners to admit that slaveholders had rights to their property.
Instead, it convinced more northerners
that slavery was evil.
The Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850.
Northerners began to resist the law.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Harriet Beecher Stowe, the daughter of an abolitionist minister, was deeply affected by the Fugitive Slave Law.
In 1853, Stowe published the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, about an enslaved man who is abused by his cruel owner.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Stowe’s novel provoked strong reactions from people on both sides of the slavery issue.
Many northerners were shocked and began to
view slavery as a serious moral
problem rather than a political
issue.
Many white southerners said
it was propaganda,
misleading information meant to further a cause.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Southerners refused to admit the territories because they lay above the Missouri Compromise line.
The debate over slavery continued with the Kansas and Nebraska territories.
In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas helped pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Allowed the people in the territories to decide the slavery issue by popular
sovereignty.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The act undid the Missouri Compromise.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Northerners were outraged.
They felt Douglas had betrayed them into allowing more slave states.
North and South were divided over the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Southerners supported the act.
They hoped the new territories would become slave states.
Nevertheless, the act was signed into law by President Franklin Pierce.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Thousands of proslavery and antislavery settlers immediately poured into Kansas.
Each side wanted to hold a majority in the vote on slavery.
Kansas soon had two governments, one antislavery and one proslavery.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The violence was so bad that it earned Kansas the name Bleeding Kansas.
Violence broke out.
Bands of fighters began roaming the territory, terrorizing those who did not support their views.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The violence in Kansas spread over into the United States Senate.
Abolitionist Charles Sumner spoke out against proslavery
Senator Andrew Butler.
By 1856, all attempts at compromise had failed.
Butler’s nephew beat Sumner unconscious in the Senate chamber.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz
Section Review
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
• Explain why the Republican Party came into existence in the 1850s.
• Summarize the issues involved in the Dred Scott decision.
• Identify Abraham Lincoln’s and Stephen Douglas’s views on slavery.
• Describe the differing reactions in the North and the South to John Brown’s raid.
Objectives
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Key People
• Dred Scott − a slave seeking emancipation
• Roger B. Taney − the Chief Justice who ruled in Scott’s case
• Abraham Lincoln − elected President in 1860
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Why did tensions between the North and South grow stronger after the Lincoln-Douglas debates and John Brown’s raid?
In the late 1850s, political debates and court decisions highlighted the nation’s clashing views on slavery.
These events caused growing tension between the North and South.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
In 1854, the Whig Party split apart. Many northern Whigs formed a new party: the Republican Party.
The Republican Party’s main goal was to stop the spread of slavery into the western territories.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The Republicans quickly became a powerful force in politics.
A Republican first ran for President in 1856.
RepublicanJohn C. Frémont
Democrat James
Buchanan
Buchanan won, but Frémont carried 11 of the nation’s free states.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom.
Scott had lived with his owner in two places where slavery was illegal.
Soon after Buchanan took office, the U.S. Supreme Court made a landmark decision.
He argued that this meant he was a free man.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the decision in the Scott case.
Dred Scott Decision
• Scott could not sue because he was a slave and, therefore, not a U.S. citizen.
• Living in a free state did not make Scott free.
• Slaves are property protected by the U.S. Constitution.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Southerners rejoiced because slavery was now legal in all territories.
Both northerners and southerners were shocked by the court’s decision.
Northerners had hoped slavery would die out.
They now feared it would spread throughout the West.
Justice Taney also ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Many leaders spoke out against the ruling.
• Frederick Douglass hoped the outrage against the decision would fuel the abolition movement.
• Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois lawyer, argued against the idea that African Americans could not be citizens.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Lincoln had served one term in Congress but had returned to practicing law.
Now, his opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act drew him back to the world of politics.
In 1858, Lincoln ran for Senate against his rival Stephen Douglas.
He joined the Republican party.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Lincoln and Douglas engaged in a series of debates, which were followed throughout the country.
Douglas’s view Lincoln’s view
• Individual states should decide whether or not to continue the practice of slavery.
• Lincoln wants equality for African Americans.
• Slavery is wrong and it should not spread to the western territories.
• African Americans are entitled to the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
• Two years later, the two men would be rivals for the presidency.
• However, the debates helped Lincoln become a national figure.
Douglas won the election.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
In 1859, John Brown raised a group of followers to help him free slaves in the South.
They attacked the town of Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
They seized guns and planned to start a slave revolt.
Brown was wounded and captured by Colonel Robert E. Lee.
Ten of Brown’s followers were killed.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Brown was found guilty of murder and treason, and he was hanged in 1859.
Before Brown was sentenced, he gave a passionate defense of his actions.
The Bible instructed him to care for the poor and enslaved.
He was willing to give up his life to follow those instructions.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Northerners praised Brown’s attempt to lead a slave revolt.
They mourned his death.
Northerners and Southerners reacted differently to Brown’s sentence.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Southerners saw Brown as proof that the North was out to destroy their way of life.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The continuing tensions over slavery drove the North and the South into talks of breaking up the United States.
The crisis over slavery deepened as the country approached the 1860 presidential election.
Could a new president bring the country back together?
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Section Review
Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
• Describe the results of the election of 1860.
• Explain why southern states seceded from the Union.
• Summarize the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.
Objectives:
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Key Term
• civil war – a war between opposing groups of the same country
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Why did the election of Abraham Lincoln spark the secession of southern states?
Abraham Lincoln took a stand against slavery in his debates against Douglas. In 1860, Lincoln was elected President.
Southerners felt they no longer had a voice in the national government. Some southern states seceded.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Democrats became divided over whether to support slavery in the territories.
Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas.
Stephen Douglas desperately sought to appease southern voters.
However, southerners often jeered at him during his campaign speeches.
Southern Democrats chose Vice President John Breckinridge.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
In total, four candidates ran for president in 1860.
Republicans Abraham Lincoln criticized slavery
Northern Democrats
Stephen Douglas favored individual states deciding on slavery
Southern Democrats
John Breckinridge supported slavery in the territories
Constitutional Union Party
John Bell promised to protect slavery and keep nation together
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
The outcome of the election showed just how fragmented the nation had become:
Lincoln won in every free state.
Breckinridge won most of the slave states.
Bell won three states in the upper South.
Douglas won Missouri.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Abraham Lincoln received enough electoral votes to win the election.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Southerners felt that the President and Congress were now set against their interests—especially slavery.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union.
Frustrated southern states formed the Confederate States of America.
Six other southern states followed.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Some moderate southerners did not want to secede, but their voices were overwhelmed.
By March, the Confederacy had adopted a constitution.
Former Senator Jefferson Davis was named president.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
When President Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, the nation faced the greatest crisis in its history.
Lincoln told the seceded states he would not “interfere… with slavery where it exists.”
The Confederate states responded by taking over federal property within their borders.
Lincoln encouraged the Confederacy to return to the union.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Already, an urgent struggle had begun.
The commander at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, had refused to surrender to the Confederates.
The Confederates tried to starve the troops into surrendering.
Lincoln did not send troops because he did not want other states to secede.
He planned to send food on ships without guns.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter.
The U.S. troops surrendered.
The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of a long civil war.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
By 1861, many people in the North and South believed that war was unavoidable.
However, Americans were unprepared for the terrible war that would last for the next four years.
Chapter 14 Section 1
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Section Review
Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz