Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization. Population World’s population of 6.5 billion in 2006 is...

Chapter 14

Population and Urbanization

Population

• World’s population of 6.5 billion in 2006 is increasing by more than 76 million people per year.

• Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s 1.4 % annual population growth will occur in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

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World Population Growth over 2,000 Years

Changes in Population

Changes occur as a result of three processes:

• Fertility (births)

• Mortality (deaths)

• Migration

Migration

Two types of movement:

• Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency.

• Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

Growth in the World’s Population

http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html

Leading Causes of Death in the United States

1900 Rank 1997

Influenza/pneumonia

1 Heart disease

Tuberculosis 2 Cancer

Intestinal disease 3 Stroke

Heart disease 4 Chronic lung disease

Cerebral hemorrhage 5 Accidents

Leading Causes of Death in the United States

1900 Rank 1997

Kidney disease 6Pneumonia and

influenza

Accidents 7 Diabetes

Cancer 8 HIV

Diseases in early infancy

9 Suicide

Diphtheria 10 Homicide

Population Composition

• Sex ratio– The number of males for every 100

females in a nation’s population

• Age-sex pyramid– A graphic representation of the age and

sex of a population• Lower-income nations are wide at the bottom

Polling Question

• There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have.

A. Strongly agree

B. Agree somewhat

C. Unsure

D. Disagree somewhat

E. Strongly disagree

Population Composition• The biological and social characteristics of a population,

including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household.

• The sex ratio is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population.

– A sex ratio of 100 indicates an equal number of males and females in the population.

– A number greater than 100, indicates there are more males than females; if it is less than 100, there are more females than males.

Theories of Population Growth

• The Malthusian Perspective

• The Marxist Perspective

• The Neo-Malthusian Perspective

• Demographic Transition Theory

Malthusian Perspective

• If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply.

• Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, …).

• The food supply would increase by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).


How Much Food Does the World Produce per Person

Marxist Perspective

• Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population.

• Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism.

• Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

The Neo-Malthusian Perspective

• Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems.

• People should be encouraging zero population growth.

Demographic Transition Theory

• Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates.

• Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.


• Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.

• Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

PreindustrialPreindustrialEarly

IndustrialAdvancedIndustrial

PostIndustrial

Birth

Death

Population

Demographic Transition TheoryDemographic Transition Theory

PreindustrialEarlyEarly

IndustrialIndustrialAdvancedIndustrial

PostIndustrial

Birth

Death

Population


PreindustrialEarly

IndustrialAdvancedAdvancedIndustrialIndustrial

PostIndustrial

Birth

Death

Population


PreindustrialEarly

IndustrialAdvancedIndustrial

PostPostIndustrialIndustrial

Birth

Death

Population


Development of a City

Three preconditions: • A favorable physical environment.

• An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus.

• A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.

Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models

Concentric zone model

Due to invasion, succession, and gentrification, cities are a series of circular zones, characterized by a

particular land use.

Multiple nuclei model

Cities have more than one center of development, based on specific needs

and activities.

Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models

Sector model

Cities consist of wedge-shaped sectors, based on terrain and transportation routes, with the most expensive areas occupying

the best terrain.


The World’s 22 Megacities


How Urban Is Your State? The Rural-Urban Makeup of the United States


World Population Growth, 1750-2150

Urbanization

– From City to City– Between Cities– Within the City– From City to Suburb– Smaller Centers

• The Rural Rebound



A Global Boom: Cities with over One Million Residents


Urban Growth and Urban Flight

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